{
  "id": "RL33015",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL33015",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 307719,
      "date": "2005-09-06",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:32:30.086029",
      "title": "Mexican Workers in the United States: A Comparison with Workers from Social Security Totalization Countries",
      "summary": "On June 29, 2004, the United States and Mexico signed a Social Security totalization agreement,\nthe\neffects of which depend on the yet to be disclosed language of the agreement. A totalization\nagreement coordinates the payment of Social Security taxes and benefits for workers who divide\ntheir careers between two countries. The agreement has not been transmitted to Congress for review,\nwhich is required under law before the agreement can go into effect. This report does not attempt\nto estimate the potential cost of a totalization agreement with Mexico, or reach a conclusion on the\neffects of such an agreement on U.S. workers and employers. Instead this report explores one of the\nissues concerning such an agreement. Using different socio-economic characteristics, the report\ncompares persons born in Mexico and living in the United States (both naturalized U.S. citizens and\nnoncitizens) with persons born in the current totalization countries and living in the United States.\n The Social Security program provides monthly cash benefits to qualified retired and disabled\nworkers, their dependents, and survivors of deceased workers. Generally, a worker must have 10\nyears of Social Security-covered employment to be eligible for retirement benefits (less time is\nrequired for disability and survivor benefits). Most jobs in the United States are covered under\nSocial Security. Noncitizens (aliens) who work in Social Security-covered employment must pay\nSocial Security payroll taxes, including those who are in the United States working temporarily and\nthose who may be working in the United States without authorization. There are some exceptions. \nGenerally, the work of aliens who are citizens of a country with which the United States has a\n\"totalization agreement\" is not covered by Social Security if they work in the United States for less\nthan five years. In addition, by statute, the work of aliens under certain visa categories is not covered\nby Social Security. Currently, since Mexico meets the definition of a \"social insurance country,\" a\nMexican worker may receive U.S. Social Security benefits outside the United States. Family\nmembers of the Mexican worker must have lived in the United States for at least five years to receive\nbenefits outside the United States, but typically under a totalization agreement this requirement is\nwaived.\n This report concludes that the Mexican population in the United States has a different\nsocio-economic profile than both U.S. citizens and persons (both naturalized U.S. citizens and\nnoncitizens) from current totalization countries. Workers from totalization countries tend to have\nmore education and higher earnings than workers born in the United States or in Mexico. \nNoncitizens from Mexico tend to be younger and have higher labor force participation rates than\nnaturalized U.S. citizens from Mexico, and other U.S. citizens. In addition, Mexican noncitizens\nand naturalized U.S. citizens from Mexico in the U.S. labor force tend to have more dependents in\ntheir U.S. households. Because Mexican workers may have lower lifetime earnings, they may\nreceive a higher replacement rate, relative to the payroll taxes they pay, than workers with higher\nlifetime earnings, such as U.S. citizens and noncitizens from the totalization countries. This report\nwill not be updated.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7699/",
      "id": "RL33015 2005-07-29",
      "date": "2005-07-29",
      "retrieved": "2005-11-02T15:52:12",
      "title": "Mexican Workers in the United States: A Comparison with Workers from Social Security Totalization Countries",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Social security",
          "name": "Social security"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Alien labor",
          "name": "Alien labor"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Immigration",
          "name": "Immigration"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy"
  ]
}