{
  "id": "RL33062",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL33062",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
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      "id": 309518,
      "date": "2005-10-31",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:28:56.349029",
      "title": "Public Diplomacy: A Review of Past Recommendations",
      "summary": "Public diplomacy has been officially acknowledged as a tool in the foreign policy arsenal since\nWorld War I. Later, during World War II, it became part of the U.S. government structure when in\n1942 the President issued an executive order to create the Office of War Information (OWI). OWI \naired the first Voice of America program on February 24, 1942, in Europe. These activities were\ncarried out without any authority or formal recognition by Congress.\n More recently, during the post-Cold War era of the 1990s, public diplomacy was viewed as a\nlow priority, and was often seen by lawmakers as a source of funds to tap for other programs. This\nculminated in 1999 when Congress abolished the agency primarily concerned with public diplomacy\n-- the U.S. Information Agency (USIA) -- and merged its public diplomacy functions into the\nDepartment of State. \n Following the elimination of the USIA and after the September 11, 2001 attacks, U.S.\ngovernment officials, foreign policy experts, and academicians began to assess the direction of, and\nthe increased need for, public diplomacy.\n This report looks at 29 articles and studies on public diplomacy that have been identified by the\nDepartment of State as being credible reports with valuable suggestions. Various recommendations\nfrom these studies are similar. This report organizes the recommendations and provides a brief\ndiscussion of them. CRS takes no position on the recommendations.\n This report will not be updated.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7900/",
      "id": "RL33062 2005-09-02",
      "date": "2005-09-02",
      "retrieved": "2005-12-21T16:31:08",
      "title": "Public Diplomacy: A Review of Past Recommendations",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Foreign policy",
          "name": "Foreign policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Diplomacy",
          "name": "Diplomacy"
        }
      ]
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "Foreign Affairs"
  ]
}