{ "id": "RL33105", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33105", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States", "retrieved": "2021-05-16T04:03:18.509687", "id": "RL33105_29_2021-04-16", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-04-16_RL33105_4a80996741005bcf3e8d72a5b7ba3840d2432b30.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33105/29", "sha1": "4a80996741005bcf3e8d72a5b7ba3840d2432b30" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-04-16_RL33105_4a80996741005bcf3e8d72a5b7ba3840d2432b30.html" } ], "date": "2021-04-16", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33105", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 621801, "date": "2020-04-03", "retrieved": "2020-04-03T22:13:26.870958", "title": "The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States", "summary": "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States\u2019 closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues. The UK\u2019s January 2020 withdrawal from the European Union (EU) is likely to change its international role and outlook in ways that affect U.S.-UK relations. \nConservative Party Wins December 2019 Election\nThe government of the UK is led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party. Since 2016, UK domestic politics have been dominated by Brexit, the UK\u2019s decision to leave the EU. In an early election held in December 2019\u2014called in order to break political deadlock over how and when the UK would exit the EU\u2014the Conservative Party secured a sizeable parliamentary majority, winning 365 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. The election results paved the way for Parliament\u2019s approval of a withdrawal agreement negotiated between Johnson\u2019s government and the EU.\nUK Leaves the EU, Transition Period Begins\nOn January 31, 2020, the UK\u2019s 47-year EU membership came to an end. The UK-EU withdrawal agreement sets out the terms of the UK\u2019s departure from the EU. It addresses several key issues, including UK and EU citizens\u2019 rights and financial obligations. A key stumbling block in the withdrawal negotiations related to arrangements for the border between Northern Ireland (part of the UK) and the Republic of Ireland (a member of the EU). The withdrawal agreement essentially establishes a customs border in the Irish Sea, with Northern Ireland maintaining regulatory alignment with the EU in order to preserve an open border and protect the Northern Ireland peace process.\nThe withdrawal agreement includes a transition period, currently scheduled to last through the end of 2020, during which the UK is expected to continue following EU rules while it attempts to negotiate with the EU on a free trade agreement and a range of other issues. At the conclusion of the transition period, the UK, including Northern Ireland, is expected to leave the EU customs union, allowing the UK to pursue an independent national trade policy. \nEconomic and Trade Issues\nAs industries face continuing uncertainty regarding the terms of the UK\u2019s trade and economic relationship with the EU, many economists suggest that Brexit is likely to pose a drag on the UK\u2019s economic growth through the medium term. Advocates of Brexit argue that the ability to diverge from EU regulations, combined with an emphasis on concluding new international trade deals, including with the United States, will ultimately benefit the UK economy. \nU.S.-UK Relationship\nSince deciding to leave the EU, the UK has sought to reinforce its close political and economic ties with the United States and reaffirm its place as a leading country in NATO. President Trump has expressed a largely positive view of the UK and strongly supported Brexit. At the same time, President Trump remains a controversial figure in the UK, and polls indicate that a large percentage of the British public views him negatively. \nMost analysts believe that the two countries will remain close allies that cooperate on many diplomatic, security, and economic issues. President Trump and some Members of Congress have expressed support for the idea of concluding a bilateral free trade agreement with the UK. The UK is the world\u2019s sixth-largest economy and remains a major financial center. The UK also has the world\u2019s sixth-largest defense expenditure, but U.S. officials have expressed concerns about past UK defense cuts and the UK military\u2019s ability to generate and sustain capabilities.\nGiven its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in the UK, post-Brexit negotiations between the UK and the EU, and the UK\u2019s relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics. For additional information, see CRS Report R45944, Brexit: Status and Outlook, coordinated by Derek E. Mix and CRS In Focus IF11123, Brexit and Outlook for U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement, by Shayerah Ilias Akhtar.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33105", "sha1": "5f10d31f7585cc8fa03ed6c6b510412f6da333d6", "filename": "files/20200403_RL33105_5f10d31f7585cc8fa03ed6c6b510412f6da333d6.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33105_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200403_RL33105_images_b70bb24f9f4c30cc76920f651ea39df3be1a6f4e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33105_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200403_RL33105_images_8c69c045bf8b1ac18177d2005e375c4dc9bb21be.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33105", "sha1": "aa5478327d5df5cce42c01bfcb51deb368c3f44d", "filename": "files/20200403_RL33105_aa5478327d5df5cce42c01bfcb51deb368c3f44d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 579144, "date": "2018-03-12", "retrieved": "2018-05-10T11:08:41.169707", "title": "The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States", "summary": "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States\u2019 closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues.\nConservative-Led Minority Government Following 2017 Election\nThe government of the UK is led by Prime Minister Theresa May of the Conservative Party. Her leadership position was weakened after she triggered an early election in June 2017, which resulted in the Conservatives losing their absolute majority in the 650-seat House of Commons. Prime Minister May formed a government after the Conservative Party reached a deal for support from the Democratic Unionist Party, the largest unionist political party in Northern Ireland. The Labour Party, led by Jeremy Corbyn, performed unexpectedly well in the 2017 election and constitutes the largest opposition party. \nManaging Brexit\nThe UK\u2019s pending exit from the European Union (commonly referred to as Brexit) is the central issue facing the government. Prime Minister May has sought to manage differing views on the UK\u2019s future relationship with the EU and the resultant divisions within her Cabinet and the Conservative Party. The UK intends to leave the EU single market and customs union, while pursuing a free trade agreement with the EU and seeking to partner with the EU on a range of other issues. \nBrexit Negotiations\nThe UK has been engaged in complex negotiations with the EU about the terms of withdrawal and arrangements for a transition period. The prime minister opened the process in March 2017, and withdrawal negotiations are to be completed within two years. The first phase focused on citizens\u2019 rights, a financial settlement, and a difficult combination of issues related to Northern Ireland and the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The two sides reached a broad understanding on these issues in December 2017 and the EU published a draft withdrawal agreement in February 2018, but many details and unresolved differences remain to be clarified and agreed upon. \nIn December 2017, the EU determined that sufficient progress had been made to begin talks on the future trade and economic relationship. With initial negotiating guidelines established in March 2018, the EU appears less optimistic than the UK about the possibility of a deep and ambitious agreement that includes areas such as financial services and regulatory cooperation. \nU.S.-UK Relationship\nSince deciding to leave the EU, the UK has sought to reinforce its close ties with the United States and reaffirm its place as a leading country in NATO. President Trump has expressed a largely positive view of the UK, but there have been tensions and backlash from the UK side over both substantive differences and various statements made by the President. \nMost analysts believe that the two countries will remain close allies that choose to cooperate in many important areas, such as counterterrorism, economic issues, and the future of NATO, as well as numerous global and regional security challenges. President Trump and some Members of Congress have expressed support for the idea of concluding a bilateral free trade agreement with the UK after it leaves the EU (see CRS Report R44817, U.S.-UK Free Trade Agreement: Prospects and Issues for Congress, by Shayerah Ilias Akhtar). The UK has the world\u2019s fifth-largest defense expenditure, but U.S. officials have expressed concerns about past UK defense cuts and their effect on the UK\u2019s military capabilities.\nGiven its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in the UK, Brexit negotiations, and the UK\u2019s relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics. For a broader analysis of EU issues, see CRS Report R44249, The European Union: Current Challenges and Future Prospects, by Kristin Archick.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33105", "sha1": "3860cf935551e763afc8a48be309cbf9a4f9e455", "filename": "files/20180312_RL33105_3860cf935551e763afc8a48be309cbf9a4f9e455.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33105", "sha1": "a5873a393d39c226c05e1cb2f7ff6dc4c20ea431", "filename": "files/20180312_RL33105_a5873a393d39c226c05e1cb2f7ff6dc4c20ea431.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 442132, "date": "2015-06-15", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:56:50.675859", "title": "The United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States", "summary": "Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United States\u2019 closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues. In the minds of many Americans, the UK\u2019s strong role in Iraq and Afghanistan during the past decade reinforced an impression of closeness and solidarity.\n2015 Election Result\nThe Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister David Cameron, won an unexpectedly decisive victory in the May 7, 2015, general election. The Conservatives won 331 out of the 650 seats in the House of Commons, allowing them to form a single-party government with a narrow absolute majority. After falling short of a majority in the 2010 election, Prime Minister Cameron and the Conservative Party had led the UK government for the previous five years in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats. \nThe Labour Party dropped from the 258 seats it won in 2010 to 232 seats. The Liberal Democrats were reduced to eight seats, after winning 57 in 2010 and entering government for the first time as the junior coalition partner. The Scottish National Party (SNP), which led the \u201cYes\u201d campaign for Scottish independence that was defeated in a September 2014 referendum, made huge gains. After winning six seats in 2010, the SNP won 56 out of Scotland\u2019s 59 constituencies in the 2015 election. The UK Independence Party (UKIP), a populist party opposed to immigration and British membership in the European Union (EU), won the third-highest percentage of the nationwide vote, with 12.6%, but was able to win only one parliamentary seat. \nThe signature initiative of the Conservative-led coalition government that took office in 2010 was a far-reaching austerity program aiming to reduce the country\u2019s budget deficit. Their victory in the 2015 election allows the Conservative Party to continue implementing this program as the centerpiece of their domestic economic policy. There has been progress in reducing the budget deficit, and economic growth has improved since 2013, although critics charge that austerity has heightened social tensions, eroded public services, and hindered economic growth. \nEU Membership Referendum\nThe topic of Europe has long been a source of tension in the UK, and the UK has been one of the most skeptical and ambivalent members of the 28-country EU. In 2013, Prime Minister Cameron outlined his intention to put the terms of a renegotiated relationship with the EU to the British public in an \u201cin-or-out\u201d referendum by the end of 2017. The exact date of the referendum has not been set, but there are indications that it could take place as early as mid-2016. The referendum campaign and possibility of a British exit (a so-called \u201cBrexit\u201d) are now set to become central preoccupations of British and EU politics. \nU.S.-UK Relationship\nIn recent years, some observers have suggested that the U.S.-UK relationship is losing relevance due to changing U.S. foreign policy priorities and shifting global dynamics. U.S. officials have expressed increasing concerns about UK defense cuts and their potential effect on future security cooperation. Despite such anxieties, most analysts believe that the two countries will remain close allies that choose to cooperate in many important areas, such as counterterrorism, economic issues, and the future of NATO, as well as numerous global and regional security challenges.\nGiven its role as a close U.S. ally and partner, developments in the UK and its relations with the United States are of continuing interest to the U.S. Congress. This report provides an overview and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics. For a broader analysis of transatlantic relations, see CRS Report RS22163, The United States and Europe: Current Issues, by Derek E. Mix.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33105", "sha1": "54663bde6ba7380d41d16b1eb1be4cbea1a75a86", "filename": "files/20150615_RL33105_54663bde6ba7380d41d16b1eb1be4cbea1a75a86.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33105", "sha1": "a270523438a93aa445c2d6408dbf0c52b75dd1c8", "filename": "files/20150615_RL33105_a270523438a93aa445c2d6408dbf0c52b75dd1c8.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700812/", "id": "RL33105_2015Apr29", "date": "2015-04-29", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "The United Kingdom: Background and Relations with the United States", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the U.S.-UK relationship, concerns about UK defense cuts and their potential effect on future security cooperation and assessment of some of the main dimensions of these topics.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150429_RL33105_d9412097455687db50177a4cccea1158d3841246.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150429_RL33105_d9412097455687db50177a4cccea1158d3841246.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "National security", "name": "National security" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc306558/", "id": "RL33105_2014May05", "date": "2014-05-05", "retrieved": "2014-07-08T21:53:44", "title": "The United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations", "summary": "This report discusses the relations between United Kingdom (UK) and the United States, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140505_RL33105_a6e869f7c2dac184d0d13d53dfffe30225e76d57.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140505_RL33105_a6e869f7c2dac184d0d13d53dfffe30225e76d57.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462723/", "id": "RL33105_2013Apr15", "date": "2013-04-15", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations", "summary": "This report discusses the relations between United Kingdom (UK) and the United States, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130415_RL33105_0ab714b8dae2a2a13c3a140dee98e10fc9ab0602.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130415_RL33105_0ab714b8dae2a2a13c3a140dee98e10fc9ab0602.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463071/", "id": "RL33105_2012Dec20", "date": "2012-12-20", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The United Kingdom and U.S.-UK Relations", "summary": "This report discusses the relations between United Kingdom (UK) and the United States, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20121220_RL33105_ce7652278c061b5caea541f1aaa6fd09dccb7bd0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20121220_RL33105_ce7652278c061b5caea541f1aaa6fd09dccb7bd0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501664/", "id": "RL33105_2010Jun29", "date": "2010-06-29", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States", "summary": "This report discusses the relations between United Kingdom (UK) and the United States, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100629_RL33105_99fae99e99aeb5bc08aa9230e647120f9a03abe8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100629_RL33105_99fae99e99aeb5bc08aa9230e647120f9a03abe8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501971/", "id": "RL33105_2010May14", "date": "2010-05-14", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States", "summary": "This report discusses the relations between United Kingdom (UK) and the United States, including a sense of shared history, values, and culture, as well as extensive and long-established cooperation on a wide range of foreign policy and security issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100514_RL33105_b4cc3c42cef7bf4ca42dec20ffb1caf05cfd6bf1.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100514_RL33105_b4cc3c42cef7bf4ca42dec20ffb1caf05cfd6bf1.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- United Kingdom -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc821698/", "id": "RL33105_2008Feb28", "date": "2008-02-28", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States", "summary": "This report assesses the current state of U.S.-UK relations. It examines the pressures confronting London as it attempts to balance its interests between the United States and the EU, and the prospects for the future of the U.S.-UK partnership, especially in the unfolding Brown era. It also describes UK views on political, security, and economic issues of particular importance to the United States, and their implications for U.S. policy that may be of interest in the second session of the 110th Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080228_RL33105_5d749027ea1d24fff035bbd02b740fbcb6ec6df1.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080228_RL33105_5d749027ea1d24fff035bbd02b740fbcb6ec6df1.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- United Kingdom" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815437/", "id": "RL33105_2007Jul16", "date": "2007-07-16", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070716_RL33105_71a2094a1c7b90c2553e56e04401d0d230e1377a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070716_RL33105_71a2094a1c7b90c2553e56e04401d0d230e1377a.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7613/", "id": "RL33105_2005Sep23", "date": "2005-09-23", "retrieved": "2005-11-02T14:48:08", "title": "The United Kingdom: Issues for the United States", "summary": "This report assesses the current state of U.S.-UK relations. It examines the pressures confronting London as it attempts to balance its interests between the United States and the EU, and the prospects for the future of the U.S.-UK partnership. It also describes UK views on political, security, and economic issues of particular importance to the United States, and their implications for U.S. policy.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20050923_RL33105_1fa1b4a3f732fb97948e1b46ad39be64b93f9ec5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20050923_RL33105_1fa1b4a3f732fb97948e1b46ad39be64b93f9ec5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - United Kingdom - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - United Kingdom - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - United Kingdom", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - United Kingdom" } ] } ], "topics": [ "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }