{
  "id": "RL33152",
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      "id": 377075,
      "date": "2011-01-10",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-06T22:11:16.468321",
      "title": "The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): Background and Implementation",
      "summary": "Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to increasing public concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment. A key legislative option to address this concern was the declaration of a national environmental policy. Advocates of this approach argued that without a specific policy, federal agencies were neither able nor inclined to consider the environmental impacts of their actions in fulfilling the agency\u2019s mission. The statute that ultimately addressed this issue was the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA, 42 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 4321-4347).\nSigned into law by President Nixon on January 1, 1970, NEPA was the first of several major environmental laws passed in the 1970s. It declared a national policy to protect the environment and created a Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) in the Executive Office of the President. To implement the national policy, NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The \u201cdetailed statement\u201d would ultimately be referred to as an environmental impact statement (EIS).\nWith an initial absence of regulations specifying implementation procedures and no agency authorized to enforce the law, federal agencies reacted in different ways to NEPA\u2019s requirements. Some had difficulty complying with the law\u2019s EIS requirements. As a result, litigation that served to interpret NEPA\u2019s requirements and enforce agency compliance began almost immediately. In addition to questions of procedure (e.g., how, when, or why an EIS must be prepared), another question was how the environmental policy goals of the act should be implemented or enforced. The courts ultimately decided that NEPA is a procedural statute with twin aims requiring agencies to (1) consider the environmental impacts of their proposed actions and (2) inform the public that they (the agencies) considered environmental concerns in their decision-making process. In that capacity, NEPA has become a primary mechanism for public participation in the federal decision-making process.\nAs it has been implemented, most agencies use NEPA as an \u201cumbrella\u201d statute. As such, NEPA forms a framework to coordinate or demonstrate compliance with any study, review, or consultation required by other environmental laws. The use of NEPA in this capacity can lead to confusion. The need to comply with another environmental law, such as the Clean Water Act, may be identified within the framework of the NEPA process, but NEPA itself is not the source of the obligation. Theoretically, if the requirement to comply with NEPA were removed, compliance with each applicable law would still be required.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc98060/",
      "id": "RL33152_2008Feb29",
      "date": "2008-02-29",
      "retrieved": "2012-08-21T08:46:06",
      "title": "The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation",
      "summary": "This report discusses the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) including its history, its provisions, and the evolution of its implementation; it also provides an overview of how agencies implement NEPA's requirements.",
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      "typeId": "REPORT",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Environmental protection",
          "name": "Environmental protection"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Environmental policy",
          "name": "Environmental policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Environmental law and legislation",
          "name": "Environmental law and legislation"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817006/",
      "id": "RL33152_2007Jun07",
      "date": "2007-06-07",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
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      "topics": []
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818962/",
      "id": "RL33152_2005Nov16",
      "date": "2005-11-16",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "The National Environmental Policy Act: Background and Implementation",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "active": false,
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      "topics": []
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  ],
  "topics": [
    "American Law",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Environmental Policy",
    "National Defense"
  ]
}