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"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33153", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 622961, "date": "2020-04-24", "retrieved": "2020-04-24T22:07:38.844853", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an era of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for more than 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Indo-Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "f9b907133c469445363c412324abfc07cf63ba02", "filename": "files/20200424_RL33153_f9b907133c469445363c412324abfc07cf63ba02.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_70f7a34bd756ee0bbb527e4312e120473dd5c95c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_d7457f7553c6d3afa6ea4516df4ff07f61f79ce7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_0a39156771b31a3c2c8a96a481945bbc0d49dd88.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_cb1299c29846a6a07ef9b8b3433cede00e1b1cd9.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_f18707e0cea170c5652a48e2ba48e2a768df3ad3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_05dbe1d5e6cb6121e341a87d645444abc3a8fde2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_78571c7dfad65102f88d19b01f8aad6e1b1bfa06.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_eadfb6e50f119f7a8e48a20d7b3f3e690b2af9fb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_12be4a39bac62b82d27071f6e3839514004da84b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_0715b424fab4f1a33a7df8a5ce0a3d3a1697a55a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_ab44187ba3f944191d8fab5759c445ee2220aea8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_e17f8e3fa61995aba05e48515e45272317a4ce0a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_6e1bb9b2a954ea43dc0dc514abb88607d04156a7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_621b77a4fe79989c089339858a72d7b9343db346.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_2a7e7e5787cd6184165720480a9998e195d10dbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20200424_RL33153_images_92a0578e13e476170e8e8c770a14a95d6d30d591.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "12f4d7f61a887fe15183e6e8162f7fa9afd5f5c3", "filename": "files/20200424_RL33153_12f4d7f61a887fe15183e6e8162f7fa9afd5f5c3.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 620260, "date": "2020-03-18", "retrieved": "2020-03-19T22:15:48.878866", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an era of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for more than 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Indo-Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "c355c713b9ebb12d7952c85c7699b3a4b0239e7a", "filename": "files/20200318_RL33153_c355c713b9ebb12d7952c85c7699b3a4b0239e7a.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_70f7a34bd756ee0bbb527e4312e120473dd5c95c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_d7457f7553c6d3afa6ea4516df4ff07f61f79ce7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_0a39156771b31a3c2c8a96a481945bbc0d49dd88.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_0929ed9ac7aa7a460b3dd19f7b39bfe5fd11db32.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_8edf21a6ec62fef94d81921b042f41eb7323490d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_05dbe1d5e6cb6121e341a87d645444abc3a8fde2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_78571c7dfad65102f88d19b01f8aad6e1b1bfa06.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_fdb53776b16b249896afa413f68b30cbf80f8aa5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_12be4a39bac62b82d27071f6e3839514004da84b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_0715b424fab4f1a33a7df8a5ce0a3d3a1697a55a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_ab44187ba3f944191d8fab5759c445ee2220aea8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_2fa952b92d3b3bcb17400c27b985369535afdb5b.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_6e1bb9b2a954ea43dc0dc514abb88607d04156a7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_2a7e7e5787cd6184165720480a9998e195d10dbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20200318_RL33153_images_92a0578e13e476170e8e8c770a14a95d6d30d591.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "dec14297a08930789b84c2ceeaa843e32a01189a", "filename": "files/20200318_RL33153_dec14297a08930789b84c2ceeaa843e32a01189a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 614562, "date": "2020-01-22", "retrieved": "2020-01-24T23:04:42.229838", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for roughly 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "1cfdca974ee69cab2ce2e8e7daf9bb6d2159860e", "filename": "files/20200122_RL33153_1cfdca974ee69cab2ce2e8e7daf9bb6d2159860e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_d100ac6bcbda463d03cd277f0499f210aa8a85ab.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_cbf391dfbdfd570a7859f47464ad3ee72e9e7da3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_03b018fb062e546cf3c7dc785b075d2413443637.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_696503b31755c02cd8efde22a688387f51a47a01.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_4bb371428e3d02782deb4a4f65460fffe7af85ad.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_05dbe1d5e6cb6121e341a87d645444abc3a8fde2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_8e67bd5bcf59ef2d377ced45d2ae0ff24a3c18ea.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_bc7516bbe2ec07a8c81904f30535fac713799fdf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_1e84149302cb973f88bfe6767336e960dd3b0b90.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_25550b4616fd00dd40919cffed62b71eeb9e7a66.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_ab44187ba3f944191d8fab5759c445ee2220aea8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_db3d4220280fbd676ead5a803d9f3da08bbad61c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_512b74c514805eefa54d0128bd77b4c619f1656d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_3e21e5ccd4fb484ca780cb22817e630b96012e81.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20200122_RL33153_images_92a0578e13e476170e8e8c770a14a95d6d30d591.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "53c42e68909dccbd915967e98b636f8a68c7daf9", "filename": "files/20200122_RL33153_53c42e68909dccbd915967e98b636f8a68c7daf9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 611931, "date": "2019-12-20", "retrieved": "2020-01-02T13:32:08.948807", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for roughly 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "d765d52dedca23a23b578d2e8973663ea169eaff", "filename": "files/20191220_RL33153_d765d52dedca23a23b578d2e8973663ea169eaff.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_d100ac6bcbda463d03cd277f0499f210aa8a85ab.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_cbf391dfbdfd570a7859f47464ad3ee72e9e7da3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_03b018fb062e546cf3c7dc785b075d2413443637.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_696503b31755c02cd8efde22a688387f51a47a01.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_4bb371428e3d02782deb4a4f65460fffe7af85ad.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_05dbe1d5e6cb6121e341a87d645444abc3a8fde2.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_8e67bd5bcf59ef2d377ced45d2ae0ff24a3c18ea.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_bc7516bbe2ec07a8c81904f30535fac713799fdf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_1e84149302cb973f88bfe6767336e960dd3b0b90.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_1d9af8f9de5789a74c7b3284a30fd41fafc2c1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_ab44187ba3f944191d8fab5759c445ee2220aea8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_db3d4220280fbd676ead5a803d9f3da08bbad61c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_8553423432986c96e04067dbaf4a4c4b47536137.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_3e21e5ccd4fb484ca780cb22817e630b96012e81.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20191220_RL33153_images_92a0578e13e476170e8e8c770a14a95d6d30d591.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "6e5e1569738ccc57b7713963b65d527c218d501e", "filename": "files/20191220_RL33153_6e5e1569738ccc57b7713963b65d527c218d501e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 607999, "date": "2019-11-18", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:21:17.174185", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment characterized as one of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for roughly 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "c677c819a6e455d7a4c2f75faddf93479b409d5e", "filename": "files/20191118_RL33153_c677c819a6e455d7a4c2f75faddf93479b409d5e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_d100ac6bcbda463d03cd277f0499f210aa8a85ab.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_cbf391dfbdfd570a7859f47464ad3ee72e9e7da3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_86f2dfb991c77594e3bedd6bbab960e49cd6b495.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_696503b31755c02cd8efde22a688387f51a47a01.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_4bb371428e3d02782deb4a4f65460fffe7af85ad.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_51d51375a91af42563f3b3acfdcc9c4f57e63a1d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_8e67bd5bcf59ef2d377ced45d2ae0ff24a3c18ea.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_bc7516bbe2ec07a8c81904f30535fac713799fdf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_1e84149302cb973f88bfe6767336e960dd3b0b90.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_1d9af8f9de5789a74c7b3284a30fd41fafc2c1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_9160ccaad1f89f64343ac34fcb58e56da73f14eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_db3d4220280fbd676ead5a803d9f3da08bbad61c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_8553423432986c96e04067dbaf4a4c4b47536137.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_3e21e5ccd4fb484ca780cb22817e630b96012e81.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20191118_RL33153_images_26b599c0c3cff332cc5ebbfb0054f5d949abfc13.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "c26f430008cd4e611e076e281b9e5b5cc61de0bb", "filename": "files/20191118_RL33153_c26f430008cd4e611e076e281b9e5b5cc61de0bb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 605788, "date": "2019-10-02", "retrieved": "2019-10-10T22:21:51.442158", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment characterized as one of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for roughly 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "385c97a1c1fcc1c4068a5da92fdb5ed79061ad4f", "filename": "files/20191002_RL33153_385c97a1c1fcc1c4068a5da92fdb5ed79061ad4f.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_b79afeed6c23db2e4cc7a5425ec528150f10a48c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_797ab01d6cb11678ba9dadcaf0c5da417a32fd3e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_86f2dfb991c77594e3bedd6bbab960e49cd6b495.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_696503b31755c02cd8efde22a688387f51a47a01.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_4bb371428e3d02782deb4a4f65460fffe7af85ad.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_0d1011ac4c181cb5032541e2271ab24878b938f1.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_8e67bd5bcf59ef2d377ced45d2ae0ff24a3c18ea.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_bc7516bbe2ec07a8c81904f30535fac713799fdf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/17.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_dc3edd67835b164e2a9de5ef7988b03f8f70a069.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_1d9af8f9de5789a74c7b3284a30fd41fafc2c1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_1e84149302cb973f88bfe6767336e960dd3b0b90.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_9160ccaad1f89f64343ac34fcb58e56da73f14eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_8553423432986c96e04067dbaf4a4c4b47536137.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_3e21e5ccd4fb484ca780cb22817e630b96012e81.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20191002_RL33153_images_d9a5b867166b570f127f03f173bcb6fa33a9d88a.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "7f26e5e842e6e3f3b46f3f8cc4ad7074473c772e", "filename": "files/20191002_RL33153_7f26e5e842e6e3f3b46f3f8cc4ad7074473c772e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2024-03-05T04:03:29.257769", "id": "RL33153_225_2019-09-24", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2019-09-24_RL33153_497843db2d9d4bac3cf645ad579bcdd4c71e6bd9.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33153/225", "sha1": "497843db2d9d4bac3cf645ad579bcdd4c71e6bd9" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-09-24_RL33153_497843db2d9d4bac3cf645ad579bcdd4c71e6bd9.html" } ], "date": "2019-09-24", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33153", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 604597, "date": "2019-08-30", "retrieved": "2019-09-16T22:14:36.349415", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "In an international security environment characterized as one of renewed great power competition, China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, has become the top focus of U.S. defense planning and budgeting. China\u2019s navy, which China has been steadily modernizing for roughly 25 years, since the early to mid-1990s, has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. China\u2019s navy is viewed as posing a major challenge to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain wartime control of blue-water ocean areas in the Western Pacific\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War\u2014and forms a key element of a Chinese challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nChina\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is assessed as being aimed at developing capabilities for addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; for achieving a greater degree of control or domination over China\u2019s near-seas region, particularly the South China Sea; for enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); for defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; for displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and for asserting China\u2019s status as the leading regional power and a major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its navy to be capable of acting as part of a Chinese anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nThe U.S. Navy in recent years has taken a number of actions to counter China\u2019s naval modernization effort. Among other things, the U.S. Navy has shifted a greater percentage of its fleet to the Pacific; assigned its most-capable new ships and aircraft and its best personnel to the Pacific; maintained or increased general presence operations, training and developmental exercises, and engagement and cooperation with allied and other navies in the Pacific; increased the planned future size of the Navy; initiated, increased, or accelerated numerous programs for developing new military technologies and acquiring new ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles, and weapons; begun development of new operational concepts (i.e., new ways to employ Navy and Marine Corps forces) for countering Chinese maritime A2/AD forces; and signaled that the Navy in coming years will shift to a more-distributed fleet architecture that will feature a smaller portion of larger ships, a larger portion of smaller ships, and a substantially greater use of unmanned vehicles. The issue for Congress is whether the U.S. Navy is responding appropriately to China\u2019s naval modernization effort.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "6796f1e99cf565b9c8d5bdceaa10eef86a09ab39", "filename": "files/20190830_RL33153_6796f1e99cf565b9c8d5bdceaa10eef86a09ab39.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_b79afeed6c23db2e4cc7a5425ec528150f10a48c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_797ab01d6cb11678ba9dadcaf0c5da417a32fd3e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_86f2dfb991c77594e3bedd6bbab960e49cd6b495.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_696503b31755c02cd8efde22a688387f51a47a01.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_4bb371428e3d02782deb4a4f65460fffe7af85ad.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_38389c882edffb06c610016dd8ab5dbee7e09d44.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_8e67bd5bcf59ef2d377ced45d2ae0ff24a3c18ea.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_683b7fe97fbca724ea34aae6df3bb0ac94ae99cc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_f29bb14c44d6cec342134e603aea425a887e2898.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_bc7516bbe2ec07a8c81904f30535fac713799fdf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_1d9af8f9de5789a74c7b3284a30fd41fafc2c1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_a1748a0207fff45fb9e57e69d4ac71488e84d59f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_8553423432986c96e04067dbaf4a4c4b47536137.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_36fd56364bccf822a2dc5fa54ca4fd4480cae054.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_3e21e5ccd4fb484ca780cb22817e630b96012e81.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20190830_RL33153_images_15d6b8f04fbdb22297ad2b6b11b648e5c9570425.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "1c3c68e45b0080286db010a46bcd1b0071906194", "filename": "files/20190830_RL33153_1c3c68e45b0080286db010a46bcd1b0071906194.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584154, "date": "2018-08-01", "retrieved": "2018-08-29T15:06:10.350514", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning and budgeting.\nChina has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy since the early to mid-1990s. China\u2019s navy has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.\nObservers view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting and defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and more generally, achieving a greater degree of control or domination over the SCS; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate and adequate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "ad9d59be9f8f1fa989864c30fe0910d4fcc03499", "filename": "files/20180801_RL33153_ad9d59be9f8f1fa989864c30fe0910d4fcc03499.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_d87d403938e32e854b049154665ec3a6b3450730.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_a943fb8cb61fe1a893463a9a5638bb26bb7d80bc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_651e4fb103cdcad2090559241d6f1653454aa51a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_d20fb0a1fcce8dd63431407516b93b85a4794855.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_0a7215cb6a74eb664d456569240bf4e4178b697a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_c2e61b3ecd6e49507abd5d87a0e0f10830ebfdc7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_8432791689168a5b76691967d230aa2750df7487.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_cea0c586d1f04e310da8adf6be33e352500073a8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_f422a567ab14e6875863893b30d9c3139a19c88e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_ea5aa2dbad5c5df60c20bec717a0bf92e2cb96dc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_612b2f00ca086ea7d000f4337d81fbe8f162c690.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180801_RL33153_images_f0c790323c32944dc7f6a1dfe93db819b0d97311.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "1036f8edb5271519e9bd80690adce95f6e5bcbc6", "filename": "files/20180801_RL33153_1036f8edb5271519e9bd80690adce95f6e5bcbc6.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581252, "date": "2018-05-21", "retrieved": "2018-05-22T13:05:47.228521", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning and budgeting.\nChina has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy since the early to mid-1990s. China\u2019s navy has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.\nObservers view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting and defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and more generally, achieving a greater degree of control or domination over the SCS; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate and adequate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "db87003d60cad6e423a1883d875a2442d7e1c0c1", "filename": "files/20180521_RL33153_db87003d60cad6e423a1883d875a2442d7e1c0c1.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_651e4fb103cdcad2090559241d6f1653454aa51a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_0a7215cb6a74eb664d456569240bf4e4178b697a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_c2e61b3ecd6e49507abd5d87a0e0f10830ebfdc7.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_1aefa6fc4cc894e955ae696043cdc3907a84119e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_d20fb0a1fcce8dd63431407516b93b85a4794855.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_8432791689168a5b76691967d230aa2750df7487.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_ea5aa2dbad5c5df60c20bec717a0bf92e2cb96dc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_6df3d43cb2850aa694fd39587130f5e5fb8da550.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20180521_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "e35f60e52cf5ea7a1d4140a0860971a2b4d7cb40", "filename": "files/20180521_RL33153_e35f60e52cf5ea7a1d4140a0860971a2b4d7cb40.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580616, "date": "2018-04-25", "retrieved": "2018-05-01T14:13:57.062981", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning and budgeting.\nChina has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy since the early to mid-1990s. China\u2019s navy has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.\nObservers view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs), and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting and defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and more generally, achieving a greater degree of control or domination over the SCS; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including antipiracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate and adequate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "ccedf053c84ca8be42c92310d1a3f51c1373b185", "filename": "files/20180425_RL33153_ccedf053c84ca8be42c92310d1a3f51c1373b185.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_651e4fb103cdcad2090559241d6f1653454aa51a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_d20fb0a1fcce8dd63431407516b93b85a4794855.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_0a7215cb6a74eb664d456569240bf4e4178b697a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_682ab79c77430f47ffe525a8c26579a11a41eaa8.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_f422a567ab14e6875863893b30d9c3139a19c88e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_8432791689168a5b76691967d230aa2750df7487.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_ea5aa2dbad5c5df60c20bec717a0bf92e2cb96dc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_6df3d43cb2850aa694fd39587130f5e5fb8da550.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180425_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "23eb8b8041a672e0970203801865e184d5ec1c6f", "filename": "files/20180425_RL33153_23eb8b8041a672e0970203801865e184d5ec1c6f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 576709, "date": "2017-12-13", "retrieved": "2017-12-19T13:50:55.660076", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning and budgeting.\nChina has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy since the early to mid-1990s. China\u2019s navy has become a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.\nObservers view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, unmanned vehicles (UVs) and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting and defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and more generally, achieving a greater degree of control or domination over the SCS; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate and adequate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "c74fe9e3c081421d9896e109b5a51874ee2fe51b", "filename": "files/20171213_RL33153_c74fe9e3c081421d9896e109b5a51874ee2fe51b.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_d20fb0a1fcce8dd63431407516b93b85a4794855.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_e12bc28ec0a4422b9489ff742b5cbd5c57117432.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_d94102dcb9ef048218978fa242a2d2458aab3764.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_9d4dea82f50938a50ffe1b7bdd8a125a8fc27bbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_96939fddbc65e641606ba7ff15da08dc42e9ee99.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_651e4fb103cdcad2090559241d6f1653454aa51a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_0f8459d58837ac43445f1aa83274aa6470d6ed26.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_352df5205599a6f1ac60225966601b71b4550441.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20171213_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "f2d4205a10334bce2d0fcd608595af90da8a6b7d", "filename": "files/20171213_RL33153_f2d4205a10334bce2d0fcd608595af90da8a6b7d.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 575109, "date": "2017-11-01", "retrieved": "2017-11-07T14:13:28.726823", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China since the early to mid-1990s has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy. China\u2019s navy in recent years has emerged as a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea, and more generally, achieving a greater degree of control or domination over the SCS; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs), particularly those linking China to the Persian Gulf; displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate and adequate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "07b14b5f0e35b595d3fef5b6d06b8c9ce6c3f2a9", "filename": "files/20171101_RL33153_07b14b5f0e35b595d3fef5b6d06b8c9ce6c3f2a9.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_e12bc28ec0a4422b9489ff742b5cbd5c57117432.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_651e4fb103cdcad2090559241d6f1653454aa51a.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_d94102dcb9ef048218978fa242a2d2458aab3764.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_9d4dea82f50938a50ffe1b7bdd8a125a8fc27bbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_d20fb0a1fcce8dd63431407516b93b85a4794855.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_96939fddbc65e641606ba7ff15da08dc42e9ee99.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_0f8459d58837ac43445f1aa83274aa6470d6ed26.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_352df5205599a6f1ac60225966601b71b4550441.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20171101_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "a7abacf5741f4ffca485a0deb08e89b250b09f4a", "filename": "files/20171101_RL33153_a7abacf5741f4ffca485a0deb08e89b250b09f4a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 466008, "date": "2017-09-18", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:19:17.545483", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China since the early to mid-1990s has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy. China\u2019s navy in recent years has emerged as a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power.\nConsistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "ecf60fc3e949d688a1a02171aa93680236c82596", "filename": "files/20170918_RL33153_ecf60fc3e949d688a1a02171aa93680236c82596.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_ca758194c593dcf51c7a22c9daf8518de7ca8d4d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_9d4dea82f50938a50ffe1b7bdd8a125a8fc27bbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_663fe191b85f8173f0592aa7a5fd5e82e1f7cf71.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_d94102dcb9ef048218978fa242a2d2458aab3764.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_e12bc28ec0a4422b9489ff742b5cbd5c57117432.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_96939fddbc65e641606ba7ff15da08dc42e9ee99.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_0f8459d58837ac43445f1aa83274aa6470d6ed26.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_352df5205599a6f1ac60225966601b71b4550441.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20170918_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "5baf4c9cf9b152797342ab91b8a2c70f5469cf8c", "filename": "files/20170918_RL33153_5baf4c9cf9b152797342ab91b8a2c70f5469cf8c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 463438, "date": "2017-08-18", "retrieved": "2017-08-22T13:20:48.581890", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China since the early 1990s has been steadily building a modern and powerful navy. China\u2019s navy in recent years has emerged as a formidable military force within China\u2019s near-seas region, and it is conducting a growing number of operations in more-distant waters, including the broader waters of the Western Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and waters around Europe. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of a broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a wide array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power. Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "184f6d2aa9cfbcda8e76ba56823631d5c8d1fc8e", "filename": "files/20170818_RL33153_184f6d2aa9cfbcda8e76ba56823631d5c8d1fc8e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/16.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_380fdc6204f9d486dace294905cea7ae2d0bd48d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/14.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_bdf1f015a1f2064e9a124e3efdf85f93fef51661.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/7.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_ca758194c593dcf51c7a22c9daf8518de7ca8d4d.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/15.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_93e3fd1b4846342b5d75f3953c0f666f2270e602.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_08166449038f1b4d836a8ea14347abd7cfe41aba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/8.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_663fe191b85f8173f0592aa7a5fd5e82e1f7cf71.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/11.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_e546a36b9f9491647deab733f0400ee3c24d73ba.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/5.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_bd60b01d35d029c7fc0be156c1355f2889fd8466.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_6143d0cf7723307fb305de5f63d85ca14f5178eb.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/9.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_e12bc28ec0a4422b9489ff742b5cbd5c57117432.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_96939fddbc65e641606ba7ff15da08dc42e9ee99.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_46748b8216ed5fe0f0e700f90f575d8c6b20a45f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/13.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_9d4dea82f50938a50ffe1b7bdd8a125a8fc27bbc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/12.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_d94102dcb9ef048218978fa242a2d2458aab3764.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_0f8459d58837ac43445f1aa83274aa6470d6ed26.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/6.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_352df5205599a6f1ac60225966601b71b4550441.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33153_files&id=/10.png": "files/20170818_RL33153_images_4fd447707443384b62da37b0a7cd7e86e1e9765d.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "4718c619da621f23e57e1ce7753ef027da963caa", "filename": "files/20170818_RL33153_4718c619da621f23e57e1ce7753ef027da963caa.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461711, "date": "2017-06-06", "retrieved": "2017-06-07T15:27:42.966184", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China is building a modern and regionally powerful navy with a limited but growing capability for conducting operations beyond China\u2019s near-seas region. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a potential challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of an emerging broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a broad array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power. Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "a3996e7ae4f58e7dda73603a2f96c9ad805d43e3", "filename": "files/20170606_RL33153_a3996e7ae4f58e7dda73603a2f96c9ad805d43e3.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "88883ff5027ba0e309b1ac5a62768db972a1075b", "filename": "files/20170606_RL33153_88883ff5027ba0e309b1ac5a62768db972a1075b.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461196, "date": "2017-05-12", "retrieved": "2017-05-16T14:29:30.492622", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China is building a modern and regionally powerful navy with a limited but growing capability for conducting operations beyond China\u2019s near-seas region. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a potential challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of an emerging broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a broad array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power. Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "14ccda07d3756cc7270779d12853f9ab9a01b81d", "filename": "files/20170512_RL33153_14ccda07d3756cc7270779d12853f9ab9a01b81d.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "254a8460898eb2ab4d50df62a1c8e04aaa9aec50", "filename": "files/20170512_RL33153_254a8460898eb2ab4d50df62a1c8e04aaa9aec50.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460079, "date": "2017-03-29", "retrieved": "2017-03-31T18:54:47.370932", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China is building a modern and regionally powerful navy with a limited but growing capability for conducting operations beyond China\u2019s near-seas region. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a potential challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of an emerging broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a broad array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power. Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. Additional missions for China\u2019s navy include conducting maritime security (including anti-piracy) operations, evacuating Chinese nationals from foreign countries when necessary, and conducting humanitarian assistance/disaster response (HA/DR) operations.\nPotential oversight issues for Congress include the following:\nwhether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough and capable enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime A2/AD forces while also adequately performing other missions around the world;\nwhether the Navy\u2019s plans for developing and procuring long-range carrier-based aircraft and long-range ship- and aircraft-launched weapons are appropriate; \nwhether the Navy can effectively counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and \nwhether the Navy, in response to China\u2019s maritime A2/AD capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33153", "sha1": "8db0dad6f4462b4df60194f8e57bd6d5fd9dec65", "filename": "files/20170329_RL33153_8db0dad6f4462b4df60194f8e57bd6d5fd9dec65.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33153", "sha1": "e36610a23bb9bfaad52f93eb8f75f3447cb180ff", "filename": "files/20170329_RL33153_e36610a23bb9bfaad52f93eb8f75f3447cb180ff.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4903, "name": "Strategy, Operations, & Emerging Threats" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460005, "date": "2017-03-27", "retrieved": "2017-03-29T20:02:39.679567", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities\u2014Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "China is building a modern and regionally powerful navy with a limited but growing capability for conducting operations beyond China\u2019s near-seas region. The question of how the United States should respond to China\u2019s military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, is a key issue in U.S. defense planning.\nObservers of Chinese and U.S. military forces view China\u2019s improving naval capabilities as posing a potential challenge in the Western Pacific to the U.S. Navy\u2019s ability to achieve and maintain control of blue-water ocean areas in wartime\u2014the first such challenge the U.S. Navy has faced since the end of the Cold War. More broadly, these observers view China\u2019s naval capabilities as a key element of an emerging broader Chinese military challenge to the long-standing status of the United States as the leading military power in the Western Pacific. \nChina\u2019s naval modernization effort encompasses a broad array of platform and weapon acquisition programs, including anti-ship ballistic missiles (ASBMs), anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCMs), submarines, surface ships, aircraft, and supporting C4ISR (command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) systems. China\u2019s naval modernization effort also includes improvements in maintenance and logistics, doctrine, personnel quality, education and training, and exercises.\nObservers believe China\u2019s naval modernization effort is oriented toward developing capabilities for doing the following: addressing the situation with Taiwan militarily, if need be; asserting or defending China\u2019s territorial claims in the South China Sea and East China Sea; enforcing China\u2019s view that it has the right to regulate foreign military activities in its 200-mile maritime exclusive economic zone (EEZ); defending China\u2019s commercial sea lines of communication (SLOCs); displacing U.S. influence in the Western Pacific; and asserting China\u2019s status as a leading regional power and major world power. Consistent with these goals, observers believe China wants its military to be capable of acting as an anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) force\u2014a force that can deter U.S. intervention in a conflict in China\u2019s near-seas region over Taiwan or some other issue, or failing that, delay the arrival or reduce the effectiveness of intervening U.S. forces. 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Other CRS reports address separate issues relating to China. 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The \r\nquestion is of particular importance to the U.S. Navy, because many U.S. military programs for countering improved Chinese military forces would fall within the Navy's budget. Potential oversight issues for Congress include the following: whether the U.S. Navy in coming years will be large enough to adequately counter improved Chinese maritime anti-access forces while also adequately performing other missions of interest to U.S. policymakers around the world; the Navy's ability to counter Chinese ASBMs and submarines; and whether the Navy, in response to China's maritime anti-access capabilities, should shift over time to a more distributed fleet architecture.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120208_RL33153_dc4868a648b1f9fd85324adeb63e481c2d0d9633.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120208_RL33153_dc4868a648b1f9fd85324adeb63e481c2d0d9633.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - China", "name": "Navy - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - U.S.", "name": "Navy - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84052/", "id": "RL33153_2011Nov30", "date": "2011-11-30", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The report discusses the question of how the United States should respond to China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, that has emerged as a key issue in U.S. defense planning. 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The issue for Congress addressed in this report is: How should China's military modernization be factored into decisions about U.S. Navy programs? 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The question of how the United States should respond to China's military modernization effort is of particular importance to the U.S. Navy, because many U.S. military programs for countering improved Chinese military forces would fall within the Navy's budget.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110608_RL33153_8c3579806c23e74ee31c8f0cac1c45a886b2bf7d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110608_RL33153_8c3579806c23e74ee31c8f0cac1c45a886b2bf7d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy -- China", "name": "Navy -- China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy -- U.S.", "name": "Navy -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40202/", "id": "RL33153_2011April22", "date": "2011-04-22", "retrieved": "2011-08-27T10:13:38", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities-Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "The report discusses the question of how the United States should respond to China's military modernization effort, including its naval modernization effort, that has emerged as a key issue in U.S. defense planning. Admiral Michael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joints Chiefs of Staff, stated in June 2010 that \"I have moved from being curious to being genuinely concerned\" about China's military programs. 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The issue for Congress addressed in this report is: How should China's military modernization be factored into decisions about U.S. Navy programs? 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Congress\u2019s decisions on this issue could significantly affect future U.S. Navy capabilities, U.S. Navy funding requirements, and the U.S. defense industrial base, including the shipbuilding industry.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060110_RL33153_798a53deeb3bc2aa464c5549edbedd6e133ddfd9.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060110_RL33153_798a53deeb3bc2aa464c5549edbedd6e133ddfd9.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - U.S.", "name": "Navy - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - China", "name": "Navy - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military policy - China", "name": "Military policy - China" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7933/", "id": "RL33153 2005-11-18", "date": "2005-11-18", "retrieved": "2005-12-21T16:53:10", "title": "China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities - Background and Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report focuses on the implications that certain elements of China\u2019s military modernization may have for future required U.S. Navy capabilities. The issue for Congress addressed in this report is: How should China\u2019s military modernization be factored into decisions about U.S. Navy programs? Congress\u2019s decisions on this issue could significantly affect future U.S. Navy capabilities, U.S. Navy funding requirements, and the U.S. defense industrial base, including the shipbuilding industry.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20051118_RL33153_94380eebad4327bd40f037081f276883c4a6a59a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20051118_RL33153_94380eebad4327bd40f037081f276883c4a6a59a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - U.S.", "name": "Navy - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Navy - China", "name": "Navy - China" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Military policy - China", "name": "Military policy - China" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "National Defense" ] }