{ "id": "RL33166", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL33166", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 390418, "date": "2011-09-07", "retrieved": "2016-04-07T00:34:11.219711", "title": "Muslims in Europe: Promoting Integration and Countering Extremism", "summary": "Many European countries have large and growing Muslim minorities. This is particularly true for the countries of Western Europe that have experienced influxes of Muslim immigrants over the last several decades from a variety of Middle Eastern, African, and Asian countries, as well as Turkey and the Balkans. Today, although some Muslims in Europe are recent immigrants, others are second- or third-generation Europeans. While expanding Muslim communities pose significant social and economic policy questions for European governments, the realization that some segments of Europe\u2019s Muslim populations may be susceptible to radicalization and terrorist recruitment has also sparked security concerns in the decade since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States.\nThe vast majority of Muslims in Europe are not involved in radical activities. However, events such as the 2004 and 2005 terrorist attacks in Madrid and London, respectively, that were carried out by Muslim citizens or residents, have raised the question of whether European countries have done enough to integrate their Muslim communities and prevent feelings of social exclusion and marginalization. Although not the sole cause of radicalization and terrorism, some experts believe that past failures to fully integrate Muslims into mainstream European society may make some Muslims in Europe more vulnerable to extremist ideologies. \nOver the last several years, European governments have stepped up their efforts to improve Muslim integration. These have included introducing new citizenship laws and language requirements, promoting dialogue with Muslim organizations, developing \u201chomegrown\u201d imams more familiar with European culture and traditions, improving educational and economic opportunities for Muslims, and tackling racism and discrimination. At the same time, European governments have also sought to strengthen security measures and tighten immigration and asylum policies to prevent radicalization and combat terrorism.\nSince the 2001 terrorist attacks, U.S. officials have expressed concerns that Europe may be a potential recruiting ground for attacks on the United States or U.S. interests abroad. Successive U.S. administrations and Members of Congress have welcomed European initiatives to promote better integration of Muslims and curtail Islamist extremism in the hopes that such efforts will ultimately help prevent future terrorist incidents. U.S. interest in how European countries are managing their growing Muslim populations has also been motivated by worries about the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP), especially given that terrorists with European citizenship have entered U.S. territory on the VWP in the past. Recently, U.S. and European policymakers have also sought to enhance cooperation on measures aimed at countering violent extremism, especially the brand promoted by Al Qaeda. In light of the July 2011 killings in Norway by a right-wing extremist disturbed by what he viewed as Islam\u2019s growing influence in the West, some note that in addition to improving measures to counter Islamist extremists, U.S. and European security services should cooperate on combating threats posed by domestic radicals on both the extreme right and left.\nThis report examines policies aimed at promoting integration, combating terrorism, and countering violent extremism in five European countries with significant Muslim populations: France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The report also evaluates the role of the 27-member European Union (EU) in shaping European laws and policies related to integration and counter-radicalization.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33166", "sha1": "738faa53e5f24247686fb4ed106a6545098e54c7", "filename": "files/20110907_RL33166_738faa53e5f24247686fb4ed106a6545098e54c7.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33166", "sha1": "b1ab9f4f6d190d81f28ef33fd1d297ed0f1c68e6", "filename": "files/20110907_RL33166_b1ab9f4f6d190d81f28ef33fd1d297ed0f1c68e6.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7945/", "id": "RL33166_2005Nov18", "date": "2005-11-18", "retrieved": "2005-12-21T17:03:03", "title": "Muslims in Europe: Integration Policies in Selected Countries", "summary": "This report examines the integration of Muslims into the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain. It also analyzes policies at the European Union (EU) level that affect Muslim populations. However, key policies relating to integrating Muslims into society \u2014 including citizenship laws, education, treatment of religious institutions, and anti-discrimination measures \u2014 largely lie with individual governments.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20051118_RL33166_baf5b29ff0466838d7c7923c92c49c1ddad6ea6c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20051118_RL33166_baf5b29ff0466838d7c7923c92c49c1ddad6ea6c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Religion", "name": "Religion" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Population policy - Europe", "name": "Population policy - Europe" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Muslims - Europe", "name": "Muslims - Europe" } ] } ], "topics": [ "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs", "Intelligence and National Security", "Middle Eastern Affairs" ] }