{
  "id": "RL33206",
  "type": "CRS Report",
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      "id": 345406,
      "date": "2008-09-12",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T03:10:20.849782",
      "title": "Vulnerability of Concentrated Critical Infrastructure: Background and Policy Options",
      "summary": "\u201cCritical infrastructure\u201d consists of systems and assets so vital to the United States that their incapacity would harm the nation\u2019s physical security, economic security, or public health. Critical infrastructure is often geographically concentrated, so it may be distinctly vulnerable to events like natural disasters, epidemics, and certain kinds of terrorist attacks. Disruption of concentrated infrastructure could have greatly disproportionate effects, with costs potentially running into billions of dollars and spreading far beyond the immediate area of disturbance. Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and Hurricane Ivan in 2008, have demonstrated this kind of geographic vulnerability by disrupting much of the U.S. energy and chemical sectors.\nCongress has been examining federal policies related to the geographic concentration and vulnerability of critical infrastructure. In the 109th Congress, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-58) facilitated the construction of new liquefied natural gas import terminals in diverse ports. Provisions in the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-468) require studies to identify geographic areas in the United States where unplanned loss of oil pipeline facilities may cause oil shortages or price disruptions. The 110th Congress is considering additional policies which may affect critical infrastructure concentration. Prominent among these are legislative proposals such as H.R. 6566, H.R. 6709, S. 3202, and S. 3126, which would lift federal moratoriums on, or otherwise encourage, offshore oil and natural gas development outside the western Gulf of Mexico.\nGeographic concentrations of U.S. critical infrastructure typically have developed through some combination of market influences, including resource location, agglomeration economies, scale economies, community preferences, and capital efficiency. Congress and federal agencies also have adopted policies affecting the capacity and location of critical infrastructure, including prescriptive siting, economic incentives, environmental regulation, and economic regulation. Some federal policies have been developed specifically to address perceived threats to critical infrastructure. These influences often have been in place for decades, gradually driving critical infrastructure to its geographic configuration today.\nSome analysts may argue that little government intervention is necessary to alleviate geographic vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure because the private sector will adjust its practices out of its own financial interest. However, if Congress concludes that federal intervention is needed, it may employ a number of policy options to encourage geographic dispersion (including eliminating policies that encourage concentration ), ensure survivability, or ensure that effective infrastructure recovery capabilities are in place to mitigate impacts of concentrated infrastructure disruption. Addressing geographic vulnerabilities may call for a combination of options. Congress may also consider whether other legislative proposals with the potential to affect critical infrastructure development\u2014directly or indirectly\u2014are likely to relieve or exacerbate geographic vulnerability. The economic efficiency of public critical infrastructure and the efficient use of federal funds for infrastructure development may also be important considerations.",
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10187/",
      "id": "RL33206 2007-01-26",
      "date": "2007-01-26",
      "retrieved": "2007-06-20T14:40:59",
      "title": "Vulnerability of Concentrated Critical Infrastructure: Background and Policy Options",
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      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Infrastructure",
          "name": "Infrastructure"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8248/",
      "id": "RL33206 2005-12-21",
      "date": "2005-12-21",
      "retrieved": "2006-02-24T12:57:37",
      "title": "Vulnerability of Concentrated Critical Infrastructure: Background and Policy Options",
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      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "topics": [
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          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Infrastructure",
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  "topics": [
    "Economic Policy",
    "Energy Policy",
    "Environmental Policy",
    "Intelligence and National Security"
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}