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      "title": "Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President",
      "summary": "The process of appointing Supreme Court Justices has undergone changes over two centuries, but its most basic feature, the sharing of power between the President and Senate, has remained unchanged. To receive a lifetime appointment to the Court, a candidate must, under the \u201cAppointments Clause\u201d of the Constitution, first be nominated by the President and then confirmed by the Senate. A key role also has come to be played midway in the process by the Senate Judiciary Committee.\nTable 1 of this report lists and describes actions taken by the Senate, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the President on all Supreme Court nominations, from 1789 through 2017. The table provides the name of each person nominated to the Court and the name of the President making the nomination. It also tracks the dates of formal actions taken, and time elapsing between these actions, by the Senate or Senate Judiciary Committee on each nomination, starting with the date that the Senate received the nomination from the President.\nOf the 44 Presidents in the history of the United States, 41 have made nominations to the Supreme Court. They made a total of 162 nominations, of which 125 (more than three-quarters) received Senate confirmation. Also, on 12 occasions in the nation\u2019s history, Presidents have made temporary recess appointments to the Court, without first submitting nominations to the Senate. Of the 37 unsuccessful Supreme Court nominations, 11 were rejected in Senate roll-call votes, 11 were withdrawn by the President, and 15 lapsed at the end of a session of Congress. Six individuals whose initial nominations were not confirmed were later renominated and confirmed to positions on the Court. \nA total of 119 of the 162 nominations were referred to a Senate committee, with 118 of them to the Judiciary Committee (including almost all nominations since 1868). Prior to 1916, the Judiciary Committee considered these nominations behind closed doors. Since 1946, however, almost all nominees have received public confirmation hearings. Most recent hearings have lasted four or more days.\nIn recent decades, from the late 1960s to the present, the Judiciary Committee has tended to take more time before starting hearings and casting final votes on Supreme Court nominations than it did previously. The median time taken for the full Senate to take final action on Supreme Court nominations also has increased in recent decades, dwarfing the median time taken on earlier nominations.\nThis report is current through 2017 and will be updated upon the occasion of the next Supreme Court confirmation.\nFor additional perspectives on actions taken on Supreme Court nominations, in earlier historical periods as well as in the modern era, see CRS Report R44235, Supreme Court Appointment Process: President\u2019s Selection of a Nominee; CRS Report R44236, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Consideration by the Senate Judiciary Committee;  CRS Report R44234, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote;  CRS Report R44773, The Scalia Vacancy in Historical Context: Frequently Asked Questions; CRS Insight IN10476, Senate Judiciary Committee Hearings for Supreme Court Nominations: Historical Overview and Data; and CRS Report RL33247, Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789-2011.",
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      "summary": "This report explains in detail the process of appointing Supreme Court Justices, both as it stands currently and how it has changed over the last two centuries. The report includes a table that lists and describes actions taken by the Senate, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the President on all Supreme Court nominations, from 1789 to the present.",
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