{ "id": "RL33436", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33436", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2023-02-03T04:03:35.336235", "id": "RL33436_100_2023-01-06", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2023-01-06_RL33436_71f12a010f02f9321b51ffe9edb91bfcb1c043f5.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33436/100", "sha1": "71f12a010f02f9321b51ffe9edb91bfcb1c043f5" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2023-01-06_RL33436_71f12a010f02f9321b51ffe9edb91bfcb1c043f5.html" } ], "date": "2023-01-06", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33436", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "retrieved": "2023-02-03T04:03:35.334192", "id": "RL33436_96_2021-04-06", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-04-06_RL33436_b078246784f2984d4c74cd74caab0725260bf6a6.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33436/96", "sha1": "b078246784f2984d4c74cd74caab0725260bf6a6" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-04-06_RL33436_b078246784f2984d4c74cd74caab0725260bf6a6.html" } ], "date": "2021-04-06", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33436", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 606053, "date": "2019-10-01", "retrieved": "2019-10-10T22:23:54.137156", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in security concerns, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The U.S.-Japan military alliance, formed in 1952, grants the U.S. military the right to base U.S. troops\u2014currently around 54,000 strong\u2014and other military assets on Japanese territory, undergirding the \u201cforward deployment\u201d of U.S. troops in East Asia. In return, the United States pledges to protect Japan\u2019s security.\nAlthough candidate Donald Trump made statements critical of Japan during his campaign, relations have remained strong, at least on the surface, throughout several visits and his meetings with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. The two leaders appear to share a similar view of the Indo-Pacific region and echo each other\u2019s commitment to keeping the region \u201cfree and open.\u201d Bilateral tensions began surfacing in 2017, however, and have become more acute even as other aspects of the relationship continue to function well. On North Korea policy, Tokyo has conveyed some anxiety about the Trump Administration\u2019s change from confrontation to engagement, concerned that Japan\u2019s priorities will be marginalized as the United States pursues negotiations with North Korea. Japan is worried about the U.S. commitment to its security given Trump\u2019s skepticism about U.S. alliances overseas, and concerned that the Administration will demand steep increases from Japan in next year\u2019s burden-sharing negotiations. Contentious trade issues have also resurfaced. In addition, Japan has expressed disappointment about the Trump Administration\u2019s decision to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement on addressing climate change. \nJapan is the United States\u2019 fourth-largest overall trading partner, Japanese firms are the second-largest source of foreign direct investment in the United States, and Japanese investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. Tensions in the trade relationship have increased under the Trump Administration with renewed focus on the bilateral U.S. trade deficit, particularly in motor vehicles, which account for roughly one-third of Japan\u2019s annual exports to the United States. A limited trade agreement, announced on September 25, 2019, includes tariff cuts and digital trade commitments by both sides and may help to ease tensions. Notably, Japan intends to lower its tariffs on several U.S. agriculture exports, helping U.S. exporters compete with Japan\u2019s other preferential trade agreement partners, including the European Union and the remaining members of the Trans-Pacific Partnership from which the United States withdrew in 2017. The Administration has informally stated that the trade agreement also removes the threat of new U.S. auto tariffs, a key objective of Japan since President Trump\u2019s May 2019 determination that U.S. imports of motor vehicles threaten U.S. national security, providing the President with authority to increase auto tariffs. The limited \u201cfirst stage\u201d agreement does not require formal approval by Congress but must be ratified by the Diet before it can enter into force. The two sides intend to pursue a more comprehensive deal next year.\nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 parliamentary election victory of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Since then, multiple election victories have further consolidated Abe and the LDP\u2019s political positions. With the major opposition parties in disarray, the LDP\u2019s dominance does not appear to be threatened. Abe is on track to become Japan\u2019s longest serving post-war leader if he remains in office throughout this term, which is scheduled to run through 2021. However, Abe may struggle to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, such as increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility, because of his reliance on a coalition with a smaller party. \nWith his political standing secured, Abe continues his diplomatic outreach, possibly hedging against an over-reliance on the U.S alliance. Since 2016, Abe has sought to stabilize relations with China, despite an ongoing territorial dispute and Japanese concerns about China\u2019s increasing assertiveness in its maritime periphery. Relations with South Korea have worsened to the worst in half a century because of trade disputes and sensitive historical issues. Elsewhere, Abe has pursued stronger relations with Australia, India, Russia, and several Southeast Asian nations. \nIn the past decade, U.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in response to security challenges, such as the North Korean missile threat and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islands. Abe accelerated the trend by passing controversial security legislation in 2015. Much of the implementation of the laws, as well as of U.S.-Japan defense guidelines updated the same year, lies ahead, and full realization of the goals to transform alliance coordination could require additional political capital and effort. Additional concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa and upcoming burden-sharing negotiations.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "339c8f954626c265d204031fb7572bfce1c02aad", "filename": "files/20191001_RL33436_339c8f954626c265d204031fb7572bfce1c02aad.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/3.png": "files/20191001_RL33436_images_de83407aab80b521e14836a4d55b3b5ead21cf83.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/2.png": "files/20191001_RL33436_images_3a74519c5f26b9e3033a02b05c8f52fc997d10e3.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191001_RL33436_images_a1c659e96530e7d00211c0030c87b076ffbfb1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/1.png": "files/20191001_RL33436_images_210ab1cc07a3a4bfccacf5bc7f4cf8e39ab7e89f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/4.png": "files/20191001_RL33436_images_70d883ee05c13433dafeccf3677acca4748a7767.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "a2895e6c8713626541f58de916e27dfe44f05649", "filename": "files/20191001_RL33436_a2895e6c8713626541f58de916e27dfe44f05649.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 586872, "date": "2018-10-19", "retrieved": "2018-10-26T13:09:05.417272", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in security concerns, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The U.S.-Japan military alliance, formed in 1952, grants the U.S. military the right to base U.S. troops\u2014currently around 50,000 strong\u2014and other military assets on Japanese territory, undergirding the \u201cforward deployment\u201d of U.S. troops in East Asia. In return, the United States pledges to protect Japan\u2019s security.\nAlthough candidate Donald Trump made statements critical of Japan during his campaign, relations have remained strong, at least on the surface, throughout several visits and leaders\u2019 meetings. Bilateral tensions have arisen in 2018, however. On North Korea policy, Tokyo has conveyed some anxiety about the Trump Administration\u2019s change from confrontation to engagement, concerned that Japan\u2019s priorities will be marginalized as the United States pursues negotiations with North Korea. More broadly, Japan is worried about the U.S. commitment to its security given Trump\u2019s skepticism about U.S. alliances overseas. Contentious trade issues have also resurfaced as the two governments look to negotiate a bilateral accord. In addition, Japan has expressed disappointment about the Trump Administration\u2019s decision to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement on addressing climate change. \nJapan is the United States\u2019 fourth-largest overall trading partner, Japanese firms are the second largest source of foreign direct investment in the United States, and Japanese investors are the second largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. Tensions in the trade relationship have increased under the Trump Administration. The U.S.-Japan announcement on September 26, 2018, of their intent to begin formal bilateral trade agreement negotiations has eased concerns over potential U.S. import restrictions on motor vehicle and parts trade, but certain U.S. steel and aluminum imports from Japan remain subject to increased U.S. tariffs. The trade talks could prove challenging given the Trump Administration\u2019s focus on the bilateral U.S. trade deficit, particularly in autos\u2014Japan\u2019s largest export to the United States in 2017. Japan had been hesitant to pursue bilateral negotiations as it remains committed to the TPP.\nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 election victory of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and further consolidated in the LDP\u2019s subsequent parliamentary gains. With the major opposition parties in disarray, the LDP\u2019s dominance does not appear to be threatened. Abe could become Japan\u2019s longest serving post-war leader if he remains in office throughout this term. However, Abe may struggle to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, such as increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility, because of his reliance on a coalition with a smaller party. \nWith his political standing secured, Abe continues his diplomatic outreach, possibly hedging against an over-reliance on the U.S alliance. Since 2016, Abe has sought to stabilize relations with China, despite an ongoing territorial dispute and Japanese concerns about China\u2019s increasing assertiveness in its maritime periphery. Relations with South Korea, while stable, remain fraught with sensitive historical issues and differences in how to approach North Korea. Elsewhere, Abe has pursued stronger relations with Australia, India, Russia, and several Southeast Asian nations. \nIn the past decade, U.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in response to security challenges, such as the North Korean missile threat and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islands. Abe accelerated the trend by passing controversial security legislation in 2015. Much of the implementation of the laws, as well as of U.S.-Japan defense guidelines updated the same year, lies ahead, and full realization of the goals to transform alliance coordination could require additional political capital and effort. Additional concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa, particularly after the September gubernatorial election of a politician opposed to the relocation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "456b94d51d257f53eb4fc90c99d4a8c32e542524", "filename": "files/20181019_RL33436_456b94d51d257f53eb4fc90c99d4a8c32e542524.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/3.png": "files/20181019_RL33436_images_9d72f125d6e0f4e30e69e9d2e13b9ca54b94370f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/2.png": "files/20181019_RL33436_images_77cde609c483d9005d9088447a231aae1cac3b13.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/0.png": "files/20181019_RL33436_images_a1c659e96530e7d00211c0030c87b076ffbfb1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/1.png": "files/20181019_RL33436_images_210ab1cc07a3a4bfccacf5bc7f4cf8e39ab7e89f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/4.png": "files/20181019_RL33436_images_86f9fcf1f258a5d4cf592f333ae12aa979cbb5ae.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "abd445347e60bad871b84ce2c3d9718b522ac633", "filename": "files/20181019_RL33436_abd445347e60bad871b84ce2c3d9718b522ac633.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 573613, "date": "2017-09-27", "retrieved": "2017-10-02T22:09:39.111404", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in security concerns, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The alliance facilitates the forward deployment of about 50,000 U.S. troops and other U.S. military assets based in Japan. While core elements of the alliance may endure, the overall relationship under President Donald Trump will likely differ somewhat from relations under the Obama Administration. On January 30, 2017, the United States formally withdrew as a signatory from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. The TPP had been a centerpiece of the Obama Administration\u2019s policy of rebalancing U.S. economic and security interests to Asia and a top priority for Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe\u2019s government. A positive February 2017 summit between Trump and Abe allayed some of the concerns that the alliance would suffer under the new Administration, and the personal relationship has been bolstered in dealing with North Korea\u2019s provocations in 2017. However, some contentious issues have yet to be addressed. As a candidate, Trump leveled criticism at Japan\u2019s trade practices and contributions to the security relationship.\nJapan is the United States\u2019 fourth largest overall trading partner, Japanese firms are the second-largest source of foreign direct investment in the United States, and Japanese investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. The U.S. withdrawal from TPP, coupled with Japan\u2019s continued pursuit of trade agreements involving several major U.S. trading partners and world economies\u2014including the European Union (EU), Canada, Mexico, China, and South Korea\u2014could lessen U.S. firms\u2019 competitiveness abroad and eventually spur interest in new U.S. trade negotiations with Japan and its trade agreement partners. A bilateral economic dialogue is the current focus of bilateral trade and investment discussions, but it remains unclear what commitments if any are expected from that process.\nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 election victory of Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and further consolidated in the LDP\u2019s subsequent parliamentary gains. A series of scandals in 2017 revealed cracks in Abe\u2019s power, but with the major opposition parties in disarray, the LDP\u2019s dominance does not appear to be threatened. However, with reduced political capital, Abe may struggle to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, such as increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility. \nEarlier in his term, Abe was hampered by comments on sensitive historical issues involving Japan\u2019s record during the first half of the 20th century. Issues include the \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers in the World War II era, Japanese history textbooks that critics claim whitewash Japanese atrocities, and visits by Japanese leaders to the Yasukuni Shrine that honors Japan\u2019s war dead including Class A war criminals. After relations with South Korea soured, Abe was credited for tempering his comments and beginning a tentative rapprochement with Seoul. Cooperation on dealing with North Korea has aided the relationship, although differences in approach have created some tension. Elsewhere, Abe has pursued stronger relations with Australia, India, Russia, and several Southeast Asian nations. \nU.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in response to security challenges, such as the North Korean missile threat and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islands. Abe accelerated the trend by passing controversial security legislation in 2015. Much of the implementation of the laws, as well as of U.S.-Japan defense guidelines updated the same year, lies ahead and full realization of the goals to transform alliance coordination could require additional political capital and effort. Additional concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa due to opposition from the local population and the prefectural governor.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "2bba7d522ea2a3224958d2bdf35e026ff258963e", "filename": "files/20170927_RL33436_2bba7d522ea2a3224958d2bdf35e026ff258963e.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/3.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_e8068fb1919f9614be31c8b417cb3879541d8c37.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/2.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_614cfd09b852982f3118158b44c1df34715fdc74.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/6.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_f9ad6510a2fbf21e3d1a54f988a992529450d6dc.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/5.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_191bcc0c591021ca3e8656aff067a9dfd2779252.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/4.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_3c23cf6f5f61d3df7be99380e65650760eb823c5.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_a1c659e96530e7d00211c0030c87b076ffbfb1aa.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33436_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170927_RL33436_images_210ab1cc07a3a4bfccacf5bc7f4cf8e39ab7e89f.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "cf4490913a3b7d0873db59a0d0b1bef58c860f61", "filename": "files/20170927_RL33436_cf4490913a3b7d0873db59a0d0b1bef58c860f61.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460259, "date": "2017-02-16", "retrieved": "2017-04-07T15:34:36.387493", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in security concerns, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The alliance facilitates the forward deployment of about 50,000 U.S. troops and other U.S. military assets based in Japan. While core elements of the alliance may endure, the overall relationship under President Donald Trump will likely differ somewhat from relations under the Obama Administration. On January 30, 2017, the United States formally withdrew as a signatory from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. The TPP had been a centerpiece of the Obama Administration\u2019s policy of rebalancing U.S. economic and security interests to Asia and a top priority for Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe\u2019s government. Although a positive February 2017 summit between Trump and Abe allayed some of the concerns that the alliance would suffer in the new Administration, the meeting did not resolve what some observers see as the most contentious issues in the relationship. As a candidate, Trump leveled criticism at Japan\u2019s trade practices and contributions to the security relationship.\nOutside of North America, Japan is the United States\u2019 third-largest export market and second-largest source of imports. Japanese firms are the second-largest source of foreign direct investment in the United States, and Japanese investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. The U.S. withdrawal from TPP coupled with Japan\u2019s continued advocacy for the pact creates some uncertainty on next steps in the economic relationship, although some argue the discussions on a bilateral economic dialogue announced during the February 2017 summit could lead to formal FTA negotiations.\nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 election victory of Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), and further consolidated in the LDP\u2019s subsequent parliamentary gains. These victories provided Abe with some domestic political capital to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, like increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility. Political continuity in Tokyo has allowed Abe to reinforce his agenda of revitalizing the Japanese economy and boosting the U.S.-Japan alliance. The LDP coalition\u2019s landslide in the July 2016 Upper House elections further solidified Abe\u2019s strength and revealed the weakness of the opposition. \nEarlier in his term, Abe was hampered by comments on sensitive historical issues involving Japan\u2019s record during the first half of the 20th century. Issues include the \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers in the World War II era, Japanese history textbooks that critics claim whitewash Japanese atrocities, and visits by Japanese leaders to the Yasukuni Shrine that honors Japan\u2019s war dead including Class A war criminals. Relations with South Korea soured, drawing concern from U.S. officials eager to foster trilateral cooperation among the allies. Abe was credited for tempering his comments and beginning a tentative rapprochement with Seoul, although gains are now threatened by political turmoil in South Korea. Elsewhere, Abe has pursued stronger relations with Australia, India, Russia, and several Southeast Asian nations. \nU.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in response to security challenges, such as the North Korean missile threat and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islands. Abe accelerated the trend by passing controversial security legislation in 2015. Much of the implementation of the laws, as well as of U.S.-Japan defense guidelines updated the same year, lies ahead and full realization of the goals to transform alliance coordination could require additional political capital and effort. Additional concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa due to opposition from the local population, despite a recent court ruling in Tokyo\u2019s favor.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "183f81aa7a701cf63da8c31e949aa7d786eee938", "filename": "files/20170216_RL33436_183f81aa7a701cf63da8c31e949aa7d786eee938.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "a06aa09de72ece3b10f4bcf393cb67850f4476e6", "filename": "files/20170216_RL33436_a06aa09de72ece3b10f4bcf393cb67850f4476e6.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454863, "date": "2016-06-23", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T22:01:25.169377", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in U.S. security priorities, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The alliance facilitates the forward deployment of about 50,000 U.S. troops and other U.S. military assets based in Japan. In addition, Japan\u2019s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) talks increases the size of the proposed trade pact, which is a core component of Obama Administration efforts to \u201crebalance\u201d U.S. foreign policy priorities toward the Asia-Pacific region. The strength of the bilateral relationship was on display during President Obama\u2019s visit to Hiroshima in May 2016 and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe\u2019s address to Congress in April 2015, historic firsts for leaders of the two countries. \nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 election victory of Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which was further consolidated in the LDP\u2019s win in December 2014 elections. These victories provided Abe with some domestic political capital to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, such as joining the proposed TPP trade pact and increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility. Political continuity in Tokyo has allowed Abe to reinforce his agenda of revitalizing the Japanese economy and boosting the U.S.-Japan alliance, both goals that the Obama Administration has actively supported. The upcoming July 2016 Upper House elections will test the strength of Abe\u2019s power as well as gauge the viability of Japan\u2019s struggling opposition parties. \nOn the other hand, comments and actions on controversial historical issues by Abe and members of his Cabinet have contributed to tense relations in the region. Issues include the so-called \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were forced to provide sex to Japanese soldiers in the World War II era, Japanese history textbooks that critics claim whitewash Japanese atrocities, and visits by Japanese leaders to the Yasukuni Shrine that honors Japan\u2019s war dead including Class A war criminals. Since 2013 Abe seems generally to have avoided language and actions that could upset regional relations and held cordial summits with the leaders of South Korea and China. In late 2015, Seoul and Tokyo reached an agreement on how to resolve the \u201ccomfort women\u201d issue, but questions about implementation and doubts about the agreement\u2019s durability remain. \nU.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in recent decades as the allies adjust to new security challenges, such as the ballistic missile threat from North Korea and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islets. Despite large-scale protests, the Diet\u2019s passage of controversial security legislation in September 2015 will allow Japan to implement a 2014 Cabinet decision to relax Japan\u2019s past prohibition on participating in collective self-defense. Analysts see this move as allowing the Japanese military to play a greater role in global security. In April 2015, the two sides updated their bilateral defense guidelines to modernize security cooperation and improve alliance coordination during contingencies. Despite these advances, concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa due to opposition from the local population, particularly after the May 2016 murder of an Okinawan woman by a former Marine.\nOutside of North America, Japan is the United States\u2019 second-largest export market and second-largest source of imports. Japanese firms are the United States\u2019 second-largest source of foreign direct investment, and Japanese investors are the second-largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. Japan, the United States, and 10 other countries are party to the TPP free trade agreement. Congress must approve implementing legislation before it can take effect in the United States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "c5b695651816e660cd38e85502a2126ef1225be5", "filename": "files/20160623_RL33436_c5b695651816e660cd38e85502a2126ef1225be5.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "8cc604ff074efe48994a9d18956d40649597bc40", "filename": "files/20160623_RL33436_8cc604ff074efe48994a9d18956d40649597bc40.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 446029, "date": "2015-09-29", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:17:59.512766", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Japan is a significant partner of the United States in a number of foreign policy areas, particularly in U.S. security priorities, which range from hedging against Chinese military modernization to countering threats from North Korea. The alliance facilitates the forward deployment of about 50,000 U.S. troops and other U.S. military assets based in Japan. In addition, Japan\u2019s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) talks increases the significance of the proposed trade pact, which is a core component of Obama Administration efforts to \u201crebalance\u201d U.S. foreign policy priorities toward the Asia-Pacific region.\nAfter years of turmoil, Japanese politics has been relatively stable since the December 2012 election victory of current Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). Abe was re-elected as leader of his party in September 2015. The Japanese constitution does not require new Lower House elections until 2018. The LDP\u2019s victory in December 2014 elections provided Abe with some political capital to pursue the more controversial initiatives of his agenda, such as joining the proposed TPP trade pact and increasing the Japanese military\u2019s capabilities and flexibility. Political continuity in Tokyo has allowed Abe to reinforce his agenda of revitalizing the Japanese economy and boosting the U.S.-Japan alliance, both goals that the Obama Administration has actively supported.\nOn the other hand, comments and actions on controversial historical issues by Abe and members of his Cabinet have contributed to tense relations in the region. Compared to his predecessors, Abe has taken positions that many see as more strongly nationalist on a range of issues that that have prompted strong negative reactions from China and South Korea. Issues include the so-called \u201ccomfort women\u201d who provided sex to Japanese soldiers in the World War II era, Japanese history textbooks that critics claim whitewash Japanese atrocities, visits by Japanese leaders to the Yasukuni Shrine that honors Japan\u2019s war dead and includes Class A war criminals, and statements on territorial disputes in the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. In August 2015, on the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, Abe\u2019s much-anticipated statement drew criticism from Seoul and Beijing. Others, including the United States, welcomed the expression of remorse and the commitment to uphold past Japanese governments\u2019 apologies and statements on history.\nU.S.-Japan defense cooperation has improved and evolved in recent decades as the allies adjust to new security challenges, such as the ballistic missile threat from North Korea and the confrontation between Japan and China over disputed islets. Despite large-scale protests, the Diet\u2019s passage of controversial security legislation in September 2015 will allow Japan to implement a 2014 Cabinet decision to relax Japan\u2019s past prohibition on participating in collective self-defense. Analysts see this move as allowing the Japanese military to play a greater role in global security. In April 2015, the two sides updated their bilateral defense guidelines to modernize security cooperation and improve alliance coordination during contingencies. Despite these advances, concerns remain about the implementation of an agreement to relocate the controversial Futenma base on Okinawa due to opposition from the local population.\nJapan is one of the United States\u2019 most important economic partners. Outside of North America, it is the United States\u2019 second-largest export market and second-largest source of imports. Japanese firms are the United States\u2019 second-largest source of foreign direct investment, and Japanese investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. treasuries. Japan, the United States, and 10 other countries are participating in the TPP free trade agreement negotiations. If successful, the negotiations could reinvigorate a bilateral economic relationship by addressing long-standing, difficult issues in the trade relationship. On the other hand, failure to do so could set back the relationship. If a TPP agreement is reached, Congress must approve implementing legislation before it would take effect in the United States.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33436", "sha1": "f74c0541ef8b10c4454d23c6e09d67a6d6cabc01", "filename": "files/20150929_RL33436_f74c0541ef8b10c4454d23c6e09d67a6d6cabc01.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33436", "sha1": "11b2af981115a7818a8e16f36e44f4e905c1a3a3", "filename": "files/20150929_RL33436_11b2af981115a7818a8e16f36e44f4e905c1a3a3.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 280, "name": "Korean Peninsula and Japan" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626927/", "id": "RL33436_2015Apr23", "date": "2015-04-23", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding U.S.-Japan economic relations, since the economic condition of each nation can affect the world economy and a U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship could influence economic conditions in other countries. U.S. and Japanese leaders have several options on how to manage their relationship.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150423_RL33436_4e5e96c17ecba8acdb00f021c3ba8ebb84494fef.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150423_RL33436_4e5e96c17ecba8acdb00f021c3ba8ebb84494fef.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501499/", "id": "RL33436_2015Jan13", "date": "2015-01-13", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding U.S.-Japan economic relations, since the economic condition of each nation can affect the world economy and a U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship could influence economic conditions in other countries. U.S. and Japanese leaders have several options on how to manage their relationship, including stronger reliance on the World Trade Organization; special bilateral negotiating frameworks and agreements; or a free trade agreement.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150113_RL33436_ed9b7ea0991240e9a50d2bb8321faca75008fdbd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150113_RL33436_ed9b7ea0991240e9a50d2bb8321faca75008fdbd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463508/", "id": "RL33436_2014Sep24", "date": "2014-09-24", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding U.S.-Japan economic relations, since the economic condition of each nation can affect the world economy and a U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship could influence economic conditions in other countries. U.S. and Japanese leaders have several options on how to manage their relationship, including stronger reliance on the World Trade Organization; special bilateral negotiating frameworks and agreements; or a free trade agreement.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140924_RL33436_d00e07af5e2a076a80e126a51814e7a741323147.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140924_RL33436_d00e07af5e2a076a80e126a51814e7a741323147.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc284452/", "id": "RL33436_2014Feb20", "date": "2014-02-20", "retrieved": "2014-05-06T21:21:54", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding U.S.-Japan economic relations, since the economic condition of each nation can affect the world economy and a U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship could influence economic conditions in other countries. U.S. and Japanese leaders have several options on how to manage their relationship, including stronger reliance on the World Trade Organization; special bilateral negotiating frameworks and agreements; or a free trade agreement.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140220_RL33436_029ac24f6001f50cebadf5a8e638c48053e0112c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140220_RL33436_029ac24f6001f50cebadf5a8e638c48053e0112c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811639/", "id": "RL33436_2013Aug02", "date": "2013-08-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130802_RL33436_b57bbe06cef58781680b5147985db4a6f82ccf7e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130802_RL33436_b57bbe06cef58781680b5147985db4a6f82ccf7e.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462769/", "id": "RL33436_2013May01", "date": "2013-05-01", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses issues regarding U.S.-Japan economic relations, since the economic condition of each nation can affect the world economy and a U.S.-Japan bilateral economic relationship could influence economic conditions in other countries. U.S. and Japanese leaders have several options on how to manage their relationship, including stronger reliance on the World Trade Organization; special bilateral negotiating frameworks and agreements; or a free trade agreement.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130501_RL33436_046e4b7cc21555b6fd5f9e6521c78b1b241997d8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130501_RL33436_046e4b7cc21555b6fd5f9e6521c78b1b241997d8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820806/", "id": "RL33436_2013Feb15", "date": "2013-02-15", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20130215_RL33436_7f275faf3a0191c7757d6fb005ce277b8935b954.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20130215_RL33436_7f275faf3a0191c7757d6fb005ce277b8935b954.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85458/", "id": "RL33436_2012May04", "date": "2012-05-04", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "The post-World War II U.S.-Japan alliance has long been an anchor of the U.S. security role in East Asia. The alliance facilitates the forward deployment of about 36,000 U.S. troops and other\r\nU.S. military assets in the Asia-Pacific, thereby undergirding U.S. national security strategy in the region. For Japan, the alliance and the U.S. nuclear umbrella provide maneuvering room in\r\ndealing with its neighbors, particularly China and North Korea. Difficult problems remain in the alliance, particularly in resolving problems related to the stationing of marines on Okinawa.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120504_RL33436_237fa06ca0d4e42330e86381ba531f6b1fd51597.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120504_RL33436_237fa06ca0d4e42330e86381ba531f6b1fd51597.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Congress", "name": "Congress" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Japan - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Japan - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Japan", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Japan" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814858/", "id": "RL33436_2011Sep23", "date": "2011-09-23", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110923_RL33436_9487b40a487a033550df4f4c5599c51f55105fa8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110923_RL33436_9487b40a487a033550df4f4c5599c51f55105fa8.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94036/", "id": "RL33436_2011Jun08", "date": "2011-06-08", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report looks at Japan-U.S. relations since WWII. The report focuses on some problems which can be addressed by Congress, including the earthquake and tsunami which hit Japan in March, 2011, the Futenma Marine Air Station in Okinawa, bilateral trade, and economic issues resulting from the recent credit crisis and related economic recession.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110608_RL33436_42d97db88e6f2d5100e8ece288b8e1b9b4c9f1e0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110608_RL33436_42d97db88e6f2d5100e8ece288b8e1b9b4c9f1e0.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Japan", "name": "Politics and government -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99095/", "id": "RL33436_2011Mar24", "date": "2011-03-24", "retrieved": "2012-08-31T21:48:36", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report looks at Japan-U.S. relations since WWII. The report focuses on some problems which can be addressed by Congress, including the earthquake and tsunami which hit Japan in March 2011, the Futenma Marine Air Station in Okinawa, bilateral trade, and economic issues resulting from the recent credit crisis and related economic recession.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110324_RL33436_db987843744b69db9d5d9d544951ab52d09a909e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110324_RL33436_db987843744b69db9d5d9d544951ab52d09a909e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Japan", "name": "Politics and government -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc228025/", "id": "RL33436_2011Jan13", "date": "2011-01-13", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "Report that looks at Japan-U.S. relations since WWII. The report focuses on some problems which can be addressed by Congress, including the earthquake and tsunami which hit Japan in March, 2011, the Futenma Marine Air Station in Okinawa, bilateral trade, and economic issues resulting from the recent credit crisis and related economic recession.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110113_RL33436_87cdee77707cbcc402d33f34c9366c55c4601356.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110113_RL33436_87cdee77707cbcc402d33f34c9366c55c4601356.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Japan -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- Japan", "name": "Politics and government -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- U.S. -- Japan" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign economic relations -- Japan -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc29671/", "id": "RL33436_2010Oct06", "date": "2010-10-06", "retrieved": "2010-12-04T14:26:25", "title": "Japan-U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress", "summary": "This report discusses the relationship between the United States and Japan, including Japanese efforts to support the U.S. in the wake of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks and the two countries' economic ties, especially with regards to the recent economic downturn. 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