{ "id": "RL33460", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL33460", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 596741, "date": "2017-01-03", "retrieved": "2020-01-02T17:07:54.778390", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "November 2016 marked the third anniversary of the popular uprising that erupted in Kyiv\u2019s Maidan Square in late 2013 over the government\u2019s decision to reject closer relations with the European Union (EU). February 2017 will mark the third anniversary of the collapse of the Kremlin-favored government of Viktor Yanukovych. The regime\u2019s demise was brought about by bitter protests and by civil society\u2019s reaction to a brutal government response to the Maidan protestors. In the aftermath of the turmoil of the Maidan and the collapse of the government, Ukraine saw the emergence of a pro-Western government promising reform and generally anxious to lessen Moscow\u2019s influence, as well as an energized civil society committed to pressing for the implementation of serious reform measures and determined to draw closer to the EU and the United States. \nThe current government of President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Volodymyr Groysman, appears, to many, to be moving slowly and cautiously in a positive direction, implementing much-needed government reform, addressing endemic corruption, and achieving economic progress. For some, the government has already achieved what they believe has been the most substantial reform wave seen in Ukraine in the last 25 years. \nUnder Groysman, the adoption of a public asset and income declaration law required of all government officials has been hailed as a significant anticorruption achievement. Significant reforms also have taken place in the federal prosecutor\u2019s office, energy and banking sectors, and health care system. Economic progress has begun to increase slowly as the government has reduced its budget and accounts deficits. Exports have begun to increase. Shortcomings in the rule of law that have plagued the country are also reportedly being overcome. The judicial system, however, remains a problem, and attempts to promote privatization have not been successful. \nAt the same time, the government\u2019s cautious approach has failed to impress some sectors of a frustrated public that continues to pressure the government for more progress. The influence of a small group of old-time oligarchs and politicians, who initially refused to relinquish power or support reform, remains a distraction, and the opposition continues to criticize the government. And although the international community appears to be more encouraged by government action, many concede more work needs to be done. \nUkraine\u2019s problems have not been solely political and economic. Russia responded to the change of government in Kyiv by seizing Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region and annexing it March 2014. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists supported by Moscow seized parts of the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. A 12-point agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk-2, was reached by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France, and Germany and took effect in February 2015. Since then, however, the separatists and their patrons in the Kremlin have shown little interest in fulfilling their responsibilities to implement Minsk-2, whereas Europe and the United States have continued to press Kyiv to move forward with implementing the agreement. \nThe United States and the EU strongly condemned Russia\u2019s incursions into Ukraine and have imposed sanctions on Russian individuals and key Russian economic and business sectors. The United States has committed close to $1.5 billion in foreign assistance to Ukraine to advance reforms and strengthen democratic institutions, including some $135 million in humanitarian assistance provided through the United Nations and $3 billion in loan guarantees. \nThe U.S. Congress has been a strong advocate for assisting Ukraine. In 2014, the Ukraine Freedom Support Act (H.R. 5859) was adopted, which, among other provisions, authorized increased military and economic assistance for Ukraine. In the Fiscal Year 2017 Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress supported an expansion and enhancement of security assistance for Ukraine that was initiated by the U.S. government in 2015. In September 2016, the House adopted the STAND for Ukraine Act (H.R. 5094, Engel), which, among other provisions, clarified the position of the United States on Russia\u2019s illegal occupation of Crimea. A Senate version of the legislation was introduced in the waning days of the 114th Congress, but the legislation was not enacted.\nNevertheless, some observers believe there is a growing Ukraine fatigue in Europe and a euro-skepticism taking hold in Ukraine, fueled by those who oppose the government and its reform effort and by those who have become disenchanted by Europe\u2019s lack of actions to support the pro-Europe movement in Ukraine. Concerns about the new U.S. Administration\u2019s commitment to Ukraine also are raising the level of anxiety among many in Kyiv. \nThis report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33460", "sha1": "190e8b9d28c8a37fa07dc1e00063c6f2232738a2", "filename": "files/20170103_RL33460_190e8b9d28c8a37fa07dc1e00063c6f2232738a2.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33460_files&id=/1.png": "files/20170103_RL33460_images_4045db264c3ee5ce95bb22f1034a85a906755c10.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33460_files&id=/0.png": "files/20170103_RL33460_images_afa24fa4ac75676160f68b16e0b03557350b5929.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33460", "sha1": "a05fced6b9314f66defe2982aa4fe73c02e88636", "filename": "files/20170103_RL33460_a05fced6b9314f66defe2982aa4fe73c02e88636.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456782, "date": "2016-10-27", "retrieved": "2016-11-01T21:01:30.365471", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "In February 2014, the Kremlin-supported government of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych collapsed. The regime\u2019s demise was brought about by bitter protests that erupted in Kyiv\u2019s Maidan Square in late 2013 over the government\u2019s decision to reject closer relations with the European Union (EU) and by civil society\u2019s reaction to a brutal government response to the Maidan protestors. In the wake of the turmoil of the Maidan, Ukraine saw the emergence of a pro-Western government promising reform and an energized civil society generally anxious to lessen Moscow\u2019s influence, committed to pressing for the implementation of serious reform measures, and determined to draw closer to Europe and the United States. \nDespite a commitment to reform and the initiation of a pro-Western political and economic orientation, throughout 2015 many felt the government\u2014led by President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk\u2014moved too slowly and cautiously in implementing anticorruption reform and achieving economic progress. The government\u2019s cautious approach, although moving in a positive direction, failed to impress a frustrated public and a still-skeptical international community, both of which demanded a faster implementation of change. \nBy the beginning of 2016, Ukraine remained far from achieving the political and economic progress and internal security sought by supporters of the Maidan. As frustrations continued to mount, the government was confronted with the resignations of a popular, reform-minded economy minister and a deputy prosecutor and by warnings from the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several European nations that Ukraine risked losing continued international political and financial support if progress was not made. When two political parties quit the coalition government in early 2016, a new crisis was created. This crisis forced President Poroshenko to ask for the resignations of Prime Minister Yatsenyuk and Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin, who many accused of running a corrupt office. Yatsenyuk\u2019s term ended on April 14, 2016, when the Rada voted to support Volodymyr Groysman, the Speaker of the Rada and a close associate of President Poroshenko, as the new prime minister.\nUkraine\u2019s rampant corruption has contributed to Kyiv\u2019s problems. Transparency International continues to rank Ukraine worse than Russia on its corruption perception index, although that appears to be changing. The continued presence of a small group of old-time oligarchs who refuse to relinquish power or influence and other shortcomings in the rule of law plague the country. Since the Groysman government took control, the pace of the reform process has accelerated. Several reforms in the energy and banking sector, among others, have been put in place. Economic progress has slowly begun to rise. The international community appears to be more encouraged by the new government, but many concede that more work needs to be done. \nUkraine\u2019s problems, however, have not been solely political and economic. Russia responded to the change of government in Kyiv in 2014 by seizing Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region and annexing it on March 18, 2014. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists supported by Moscow seized parts of the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. A 12-point agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk-2, was signed in late 2014 by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France, and Germany. The agreement took effect in February 2015. Since then, however, the separatists and their patrons in the Kremlin have shown little interest in fulfilling their responsibilities to implement Minsk-2, while Europe and the United States have continued to press Kyiv to move forward with implementing the agreement. \nThe United States and the EU strongly condemned Russia\u2019s incursion into Ukraine and imposed sanctions on Russian individuals and key Russian economic and business sectors for seizing Crimea and for Russia\u2019s continued support for the separatists and their aggressive activity in eastern Ukraine.\nAccording to USAID, since the crisis that began in late 2013, the U.S. government has committed more than $1.3 billion in foreign assistance to Ukraine to advance reforms, strengthen democratic institutions and civil society, stimulate economic growth, and help Ukraine more safely monitor and secure its borders and preserve its territorial integrity. This amount includes some $135 million in humanitarian assistance provided through the United Nations and three $1 billion loan guarantees. \nThe U.S. Congress has been a strong advocate for assisting Ukraine. In 2014, the Ukraine Freedom Support Act (H.R. 5859) was adopted, which, among other provisions, authorized increased military and economic assistance for Ukraine; authorized funding for U.S. Russian-language broadcasting in the region; and offered support for Russian civil society and democracy organizations. The legislation also urged the Administration to provide weapons to the Ukrainian military. In the 2015 Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress supported an enhanced security assistance package for Ukraine and expanded that initiative in the 2016 NDAA. In September 2016, the House adopted the STAND for Ukraine Act (H.R. 5094, Engel), which, among other provisions, clarified the position of the United States on Russia\u2019s illegal occupation of Crimea, tightened sanctions on Russia, and sought new options to provide support for Ukraine.\nThis report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33460", "sha1": "bc63800342abb7424f5859b7a367fcb91119c168", "filename": "files/20161027_RL33460_bc63800342abb7424f5859b7a367fcb91119c168.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33460", "sha1": "31fdd1abab88c61aac6d238eb991455e34d956d4", "filename": "files/20161027_RL33460_31fdd1abab88c61aac6d238eb991455e34d956d4.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454870, "date": "2016-08-03", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:38:33.215445", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "In February 2014, the Kremlin-supported government of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych collapsed. The demise of the regime was brought about by bitter protests that had erupted in Kyiv\u2019s Maidan Square in late 2013 over the government\u2019s decision to reject closer relations with the European Union (EU) and by civil society\u2019s reaction to a brutal government response to the Maidan protestors. Over the remainder of 2014, in the wake of the turmoil of the Maidan, the country saw the emergence of a pro-Western government promising reform and an energized civil society generally anxious to lessen Moscow\u2019s influence, committed to pressing for the implementation of serious reform measures, and determined to draw closer to Europe and the United States. \nDespite a commitment to reform and the implementation of a pro-Western political and economic orientation, the new government\u2014led by President Petro Poroshenko and Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk\u2014moved slowly and cautiously, although in a positive direction, through 2015. This cautious approach failed to impress a frustrated public and a still-skeptical international community, both of which demanded a faster implementation of change. \nBy the beginning of 2016, Ukraine remained far from achieving the political and economic progress and internal security sought by supporters of the Maidan. As frustrations mounted over the slow pace of anticorruption reform and economic progress, the government was confronted with the resignations of a popular, reform-minded economy minister and a deputy prosecutor and by warnings from the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several European nations that Ukraine risked losing continued international political and financial support if progress was not made. When two political parties quit the coalition government in early 2016, a new crisis was created as calls by some in the political opposition and the general public to replace the government of Prime Minister Yatsenyuk intensified. President Poroshenko asked for the resignations of Yatsenyuk and Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin, who many accused of running a corrupt office. Shokin offered his resignation, which was accepted in March 2016. Yatsenyuk\u2019s term as prime minister ended on April 14, 2016, when the Rada voted to support Volodymyr Groysman, the Speaker of the Rada and a close associate of President Poroshenko, as the new prime minister. Since then, the pace of the reform process and economic progress seem to be moving in a positive direction, though not to everyone\u2019s satisfaction. The international community appears to be more encouraged by the new government, but many concede that more work needs to be done. \nContributing to Kyiv\u2019s problems have been Ukraine\u2019s rampant corruption (ranked 130 out of 168 by Transparency International), the refusal of a small group of old-time oligarchs to relinquish power or influence, the government\u2019s apparent reluctance to seriously challenge these oligarchs, and other shortcomings in the rule of law. The confluence of these factors, according to some, initially slowed the implementation of democratic best practices, hindered strong democratic institution building, and exacerbated long-standing problems in attracting financial support and foreign investment. \nUkraine\u2019s problems, however, have not been solely political and economic. Russia responded to the change of government in Kyiv in 2014 by seizing Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region and annexing it on March 18, 2014. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists supported by Moscow seized parts of the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. A 12-point agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk-2, was signed in Minsk, Belarus, in late 2014 by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France, and Germany. The agreement took effect in February 2015. Since then, however, the separatists and their patrons in the Kremlin have shown little interest in fulfilling their responsibilities to implement Minsk-2, while Europe and the United States have continued to press Kyiv to move forward on implementation of the agreement. \nThe United States strongly condemned Russia\u2019s incursion into Ukraine and, along with the EU, imposed sanctions against Russian individuals and key Russian economic and business sectors for seizing Crimea and for Russia\u2019s continued support for the separatists and their aggressive activity in eastern Ukraine.\nAccording to the U.S. Department of State, since 2014, the United States has committed more than $760 million in assistance to the government in Kyiv, in addition to three $1 billion loan guarantees to help the new government carry out political and economic reforms and to bolster the capabilities of its security sector, including its army. The United States has provided more than $70 million in humanitarian support to help displaced Ukrainians through international relief organizations and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and U.S. economic and technical experts advise almost a dozen Ukrainian ministries and localities. \nThe U.S. Congress has been a strong advocate for assisting Ukraine, passing in 2014 the Ukraine Freedom Support Act (H.R. 5859). The measure authorized the President to impose sanctions on Russian defense, energy, and other firms and foreign persons; authorized increased military and economic assistance for Ukraine; authorized funding for U.S. Russian-language broadcasting in the region; and offered support for Russian civil society and democracy organizations. The legislation also urged the Administration to provide weapons to the Ukrainian military. In the 2105 Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), Congress supported an enhanced security assistance package for Ukraine. Congress expanded that initiative in the 2016 NDAA. In July 2016, just before the extended congressional recess, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs adopted the STAND for Ukraine Act (H.R. 5094, Engel), legislation to address the ongoing crisis in Ukraine by clarifying the position of the United States on Russia\u2019s illegal occupation of Crimea, tightening sanctions on Russia, and addressing new innovations to provide support for Ukraine.\nThis report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33460", "sha1": "d6f5d7a41a9bec2c6e2f809c71538c2815f2c90f", "filename": "files/20160803_RL33460_d6f5d7a41a9bec2c6e2f809c71538c2815f2c90f.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33460", "sha1": "feb4b8d9fcf922a0fa7e733b64edddadf8e1e5dd", "filename": "files/20160803_RL33460_feb4b8d9fcf922a0fa7e733b64edddadf8e1e5dd.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452083, "date": "2016-04-27", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:15:57.174941", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "In February 2014, the Kremlin-supported government of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych collapsed. The demise of the regime was brought about by bitter protests that had erupted in Kyiv\u2019s Maidan Square in late 2013 over a decision by the government to reject closer relations with the European Union. What followed the turmoil of early 2014 was the emergence of a pro-Western, pro-reform government and an energized public generally anxious to lessen Moscow\u2019s influence, committed to addressing the need for serious reform, and determined to draw closer to Europe and the United States. \nDespite the current Kyiv government\u2019s commitment to reform, the pro-Western political and economic orientation, and the presence of a vibrant, yet frustrated, civil society dedicated to the implementation of change, Ukraine remains far from achieving the political and economic stability and internal security sought by the supporters of the Maidan. In fact, 2016 has already proven to be a very unsettling time for the government as frustrations have mounted over the slow pace of political reform and economic progress by pro-reformers and the West. These shortcomings initially resulted in the resignations of a popular, reform-minded economy minister and a deputy prosecutor and in warnings from the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several European nations that Ukraine risked losing continued international financial support if progress was not made. When two political parties quit the coalition government, a new crisis was created. These events were quickly followed by calls by some in the political opposition and the general public to replace the government of Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk and by a decision by President Petro Poroshenko to ask for the resignations of Yatsenyuk and Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin, who many accused of running a corrupt office. Shokin offered his resignation, which was accepted in March, but Yatsenyuk took his case to the Rada (Ukraine\u2019s parliament) and barely survived a vote of no confidence on February 16, 2016. Despite surviving the vote, Yatsenyuk could not reconstitute a new coalition government. Yatsenyuk\u2019s term as prime minister ended on April 14, 2016, when the Rada voted to support Volodymyr Groysman, the Speaker of the Rada and a close associate of President Poroshenko, as the new prime minister. \nContributing to Kyiv\u2019s problems have been Ukraine\u2019s rampant corruption (ranked 130 out of 168 by Transparency International), the refusal of a small group of old-time oligarchs to relinquish power or influence, the government\u2019s apparent reluctance to seriously challenge these oligarchs, and other shortcomings in the rule of law. The confluence of these factors, according to some, has stifled the implementation of democratic best practices, hindered strong democratic institution building, and exacerbated long-standing problems in attracting financial support and foreign investment. \nIn 2014, as the new government in Kyiv, led by President Poroshenko and Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, sought international financial assistance, the IMF estimated Ukraine could require some $40 billion to address the needs of the country. Since then, the IMF and Ukraine have agreed on a loan package of close to $22 billion over four years, some $6.7 billion of which has been disbursed. The European Union (EU) has committed over 11 billion (about $15.5 billion) in aid for Ukraine and is considering further assistance. In January 2016, a new free trade agreement between the EU and Ukraine went into effect, potentially opening new opportunities for Ukraine\u2019s economic development.\nAccording to the Department of State, since 2014, the United States has committed over $550 million in assistance to the government in Kyiv, in addition to two $1 billion loan guarantees to help the new government carry out political and economic reforms and bolster the capabilities of its security sector, including its army. U.S. economic and technical experts advise almost a dozen Ukrainian ministries and localities. The United States has provided some $69 million in humanitarian support to help displaced Ukrainians through international relief organizations and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).\nUkraine\u2019s problems, however, are not solely political and economic. Russia responded to the change of government in Kyiv in 2014 by seizing Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region and annexing it on March 18, 2014. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists supported by Moscow seized parts of the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. A 12-point agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk-2, was signed in Minsk, Belarus, in late 2014 by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France, and Germany. The agreement took effect in February 2015. \nThe United States strongly condemned Russia\u2019s annexation of Crimea and its incursion into eastern Ukraine and, along with the EU, the United States imposed sanctions against Russian individuals and key firms initially for seizing Crimea. These sanctions have continued and were enhanced in response to Russia\u2019s continued aggression and activity in eastern Ukraine.\nIn December 2014, President Obama signed H.R. 5859, the Ukraine Freedom Support Act. The measure authorized the President to impose sanctions on Russian defense, energy, and other firms and foreign persons; authorized increased military and economic assistance for Ukraine; authorized funding for U.S. Russian-language broadcasting in the region; and offered support for Russian civil society and democracy organizations. The legislation also urged the Administration to provide weapons to the Ukrainian military, but the Obama Administration rejected the idea, viewing it as risking a further escalation of the conflict. Additional legislation supporting Ukraine is likely to be considered by the House and Senate in 2016.\nThis report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33460", "sha1": "6509a862965a99f68efc932d1c7e1bb0fc0c5021", "filename": "files/20160427_RL33460_6509a862965a99f68efc932d1c7e1bb0fc0c5021.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33460", "sha1": "57055a301e37875638523cb83062801712a2e37a", "filename": "files/20160427_RL33460_57055a301e37875638523cb83062801712a2e37a.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 451266, "date": "2016-03-29", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T16:52:08.328256", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "Two years ago, in February 2014, the Kremlin-supported government of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych collapsed. The demise of the regime was brought about by bitter protests that had erupted in Kyiv\u2019s Maidan Square in late 2013 over a decision by the government to reject closer relations with the European Union. What followed the turmoil of early 2014 was the emergence of a pro-Western, pro-reform government and an energized public generally anxious to lessen Moscow\u2019s influence, committed to addressing the need for serious reform, and determined to draw closer to Europe and the United States. \nDespite the emergence of new government leadership, the pro-Western political and economic reorientation, and the emergence of a vibrant civil society dedicated to the implementation of change, Ukraine remains far from achieving the political and economic stability and internal security sought by the supporters of the Maidan. In fact, 2016 has already proven to be a very unsettling time for the current government as frustrations have mounted over the slow pace of political reform and economic progress. These shortcomings have resulted in the resignations of a popular, reform-minded economy minister and a deputy prosecutor, two political parties quitting the coalition government, and warnings from the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and several European nations that Ukraine risked losing continued international financial support if a new government was not formed and progress was not made. The resignations were followed by calls by some in the political opposition and the general public to replace the current pro-reform Prime Minister, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, and a decision by President Petro Poroshenko to ask for the resignations of Yatsenyuk and Prosecutor General Viktor Shokin, who many accused of running a corrupt office. Shokin offered his resignation, which was accepted in March, but Yatsenyuk took his case to the Rada (Ukraine\u2019s parliament) and barely survived a vote of no confidence on February 16, 2016. Despite surviving the vote, Yatsenyuk\u2019s coalition government has not been reconstituted and his term as prime minister is likely coming to an end. \nContributing to Kyiv\u2019s problems have been Ukraine\u2019s rampant corruption (ranked 130 out of 168 by Transparency International), the refusal of a small group of old-time oligarchs to relinquish power or influence, the government\u2019s apparent reluctance to seriously challenge these oligarchs, and other shortcomings in the rule of law. The confluence of these factors, according to some, has stifled the implementation of democratic best practices, hindered strong democratic institution building, and exacerbated long-standing problems in attracting foreign investment. \nIn 2014, as the new government in Kyiv, led by President Poroshenko and Prime Minister Yatsenyuk, sought international financial assistance, the IMF estimated Ukraine could require some $40 billion to address the needs of the country. Since then, the IMF and Ukraine have agreed on a loan package of close to $22 billion over four years, some $6.7 billion of which has been disbursed. The European Union (EU) has committed over 11 billion (about $15.5 billion) in aid for Ukraine and is considering further assistance. In January 2016, a new free trade agreement between the EU and Ukraine went into effect, potentially opening new opportunities for Ukraine\u2019s economic development.\nAccording to the Department of State, the United States has committed over $550 million in assistance to Ukraine since the emergence of the new, pro-reform government, in addition to two $1 billion loan guarantees to help the new government carry out political and economic reforms and bolster the capabilities of its security sector, including its army. With continued progress on economic reforms and as conditions warrant, the Obama Administration could ask for a third loan guarantee of up to $1 billion in 2017. U.S. economic and technical experts advise almost a dozen Ukrainian ministries and localities. The United States has provided some $69 million in humanitarian support to help displaced Ukrainians through international relief organizations and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).\nUkraine\u2019s problems, however, are not solely political and economic. Russia responded to the change of government in Kyiv in 2014 by seizing Ukraine\u2019s Crimea region and annexing it on March 18, 2014. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists supported by Moscow seized parts of the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. A 12-point agreement to end the conflict, known as Minsk-2, was signed in Minsk, Belarus, in late 2014 by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, France, and Germany. The agreement took effect in February 2015. \nMore than one year later, however, Crimea is still in Russian hands, approximately 7% of Ukrainian territory remains under the control of the separatists and the influence of Moscow, and most provisions of the Minsk-2 agreement have yet to be implemented. The Russia-supported conflict in the eastern part of the country has added an additional element of instability that has kept the government distracted from solving its internal problems. The prospects for a long-term political settlement of the crisis in eastern Ukraine remain remote, and the term \u201cfrozen conflict\u201d is being heard more and more. \nThe United States strongly condemned Russia\u2019s annexation of Crimea and its incursion into eastern Ukraine and, along with the EU, the United States imposed sanctions against Russian individuals and key firms initially for seizing Crimea. These sanctions have continued and were enhanced in response to Russia\u2019s continued aggression and activity in eastern Ukraine.\nCongressional action has focused on providing assistance to the new Ukrainian government and supporting sanctions against Russia for its occupation of Crimea and its efforts to destabilize Ukraine. In April 2014, President Obama signed H.R. 4152 into law, which authorized aid to help Ukraine carry out reforms; provided security assistance to Ukraine and other Central and Eastern European countries; and required the President to impose visa bans and asset seizures against persons in Ukraine and Russia who were responsible for violence or undermining the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity of Ukraine. The President also signed S. 2183, a related bill requiring Radio Free Europe-Radio Liberty and Voice of America to increase broadcasting in eastern Ukraine, Crimea, and Moldova. \nIn December 2014, President Obama signed H.R. 5859, the Ukraine Freedom Support Act. The measure authorized the President to impose sanctions on Russian defense, energy, and other firms and foreign persons; authorized increased military and economic assistance for Ukraine; authorized funding for U.S. Russian-language broadcasting in the region; and offered support for Russian civil society and democracy organizations. The legislation also urged the Administration to provide weapons to the Ukrainian military, but the Obama Administration rejected the idea, viewing it as risking a further escalation of the conflict. Additional legislation supporting Ukraine is likely to be considered by the House and Senate in 2016.\nThis report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33460", "sha1": "36dd5b30c96d992a8d27d07297df23a3032087cc", "filename": "files/20160329_RL33460_36dd5b30c96d992a8d27d07297df23a3032087cc.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33460", "sha1": "1663c310206817dd8d2644c1de4f6ef3e592b9c2", "filename": "files/20160329_RL33460_1663c310206817dd8d2644c1de4f6ef3e592b9c2.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4636, "name": "Europe: Regional Policy, Bilateral Relations, and Key Issues" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824785/", "id": "RL33460_2016Feb22", "date": "2016-02-22", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Ukraine: Current Issues and U.S. Policy", "summary": "This report provides an overview of the situation in Ukraine, two years after the February 2014 collapse of the Kremlin-supported government of President Viktor Yanukovych. 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