{ "id": "RL33476", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33476", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2022-08-04T04:03:45.050498", "id": "RL33476_95_2022-07-01", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-07-01_RL33476_62a3efcc01475ad632f7056a34026fc4d3c2df1b.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33476/95", "sha1": "62a3efcc01475ad632f7056a34026fc4d3c2df1b" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-07-01_RL33476_62a3efcc01475ad632f7056a34026fc4d3c2df1b.html" } ], "date": "2022-07-01", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33476", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "retrieved": "2022-08-04T04:03:45.049453", "id": "RL33476_93_2022-06-15", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-06-15_RL33476_5eda2d5485bee50781186ef70ccb317c77142deb.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33476/93", "sha1": "5eda2d5485bee50781186ef70ccb317c77142deb" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-06-15_RL33476_5eda2d5485bee50781186ef70ccb317c77142deb.html" } ], "date": "2022-06-15", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33476", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 584235, "date": "2018-07-31", "retrieved": "2018-08-29T15:07:19.584601", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Since Israel\u2019s founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel\u2019s security and to close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Strong bilateral ties influence U.S. policy in the Middle East, and Congress provides active oversight of the executive branch\u2019s actions. Israel is a leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid and a frequent purchaser of major U.S. weapons systems. By law, U.S. arms sales cannot adversely affect Israel\u2019s \u201cqualitative military edge\u201d over other countries in its region. The two countries signed a free trade agreement in 1985, and the United States is Israel\u2019s largest trading partner.\nIsrael regularly seeks help from the United States to bolster its regional security and defense capabilities. Legislation in Congress frequently includes proposals to strengthen U.S.-Israel cooperation, such as the U.S.-Israel Security Assistance Authorization Act of 2018 (S. 2497 and H.R. 5141).\nConcerns about Iran dominate Israel\u2019s strategic calculations. Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu influenced President Trump\u2019s May 2018 decision to withdraw from the 2015 Iranian nuclear agreement and to reimpose sanctions on Iran, and Israel has made common cause with several Arab states to counter Iran\u2019s regional activities. During 2018, Israel and Iran have clashed over Iran\u2019s presence in Syria, fueling speculation about the possibility of broader conflict between the two countries and how Russia\u2019s presence in Syria might affect the situation. A serious threat persists from Hezbollah\u2019s rocket arsenal in Lebanon, adding to the uncertainty along Israel\u2019s northern border. \nHamas and other militant groups in Gaza may present less of an immediate threat to Israeli population centers. Nevertheless, various forms of conflict have taken place around the Gaza-Israel frontier in 2018. Improving difficult living conditions for Palestinians in Gaza while also ensuring Israel\u2019s security presents a challenge, given: Hamas\u2019 control of Gaza, Israeli and Egyptian control of its access points, and recent reductions in U.S. and Palestinian Authority (PA) funding. \nIsrael\u2019s political impasse with the Palestinians continues. Israel has militarily occupied the West Bank since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, with the PA exercising limited self-rule in some areas since the mid-1990s. The Trump Administration\u2019s recognition of Jerusalem as Israel\u2019s capital in December 2017 and its relocation of the U.S. embassy there in May 2018 were greeted warmly by Israel but rejected by Palestinians and many other international actors. The success of an anticipated U.S. diplomatic proposal may depend on a number of factors, including whether Israel embraces it and can persuade Palestinians or Arab state leaders to do so. Approximately 590,000 Israelis live in residential neighborhoods or \u201csettlements\u201d in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. These settlements are of disputed legality under international law. \nIsrael has a robust economy and an active democracy. Prime Minister Netanyahu\u2019s governing coalition includes various right-of-center and religious parties. Domestic debates continue about the government\u2019s commitment to rule of law and freedom of expression, and how to balance market-friendly economic policies with individuals\u2019 concerns about cost of living. The role and status of Arab citizens presents challenges for the state and society. Netanyahu is facing a number of corruption allegations, and some political commentators anticipate that Netanyahu will call national elections ahead of the attorney general\u2019s decision on whether to indict him.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33476", "sha1": "28b29ca057430acc86b3b2f2e5f8cb174d03025d", "filename": "files/20180731_RL33476_28b29ca057430acc86b3b2f2e5f8cb174d03025d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/13.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_fdc13460a648cd6a64169481875143fbc60aa9bf.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/4.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_c0cd917a359824b45209ca82b9d03e539c67d86e.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/9.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_bf43a87ca4b09720341926c4531d12c7a3630e0c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/6.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_bb22debe1f154c35c00cf91016f131b59e6209f9.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/10.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_f960183449fad56ed0b1f7331a719ccf60700067.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/7.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_97faafa339e13ec7b5aaa7b3e0fd99316186f7b4.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/0.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_74fac00f4e12e87cd8c31883f33976400c481f9c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/3.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_6804bb2d7c4e2e13a94dff7bc4cefd2ffedfc31f.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/11.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_99913608d6a78314f36ad0ff95bb74a62f7fb91c.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/8.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_5e64b69e92631dee2ea924a7b5d116f2a478a119.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/2.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_6bd356e31b6424a317d7dc0453c79c5d635a6761.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/12.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_ec9513994cb6255ebda302b3969765b3bf7b5f67.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/1.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_fc1b65310cde4c2c9aeeb102e2e4aec4a63f8154.png", "/products/Getimages/?directory=RL/html/RL33476_files&id=/5.png": "files/20180731_RL33476_images_3222b6520323d535b43a3e74555a6ec0b2eb7148.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33476", "sha1": "ed7a38029883dd09962d9441cfa185128488734b", "filename": "files/20180731_RL33476_ed7a38029883dd09962d9441cfa185128488734b.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457464, "date": "2016-10-28", "retrieved": "2016-12-09T19:11:57.949475", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Since Israel\u2019s founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel\u2019s security and to close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Perceptions of shared democratic values and religious affinities have contributed to strong bilateral ties. The question of Israel\u2019s security regularly influences U.S. policy considerations regarding the Middle East, and Congress provides active oversight of executive branch dealings with Israel and other actors in the region. Israel is a leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid and a frequent purchaser of major U.S. weapons systems. By law, U.S. arms sales cannot adversely affect Israel\u2019s \u201cqualitative military edge\u201d over other countries in its region. The two countries signed a free trade agreement in 1985, and the United States is Israel\u2019s largest trading partner. \nIsrael has many regional security concerns, and aligning U.S. and Israeli policies to address these concerns has presented persistent challenges. In a dangerous and uncertain regional environment, Israel regularly seeks assurance that the United States will bolster its regional security standing and self-defense capabilities. A new U.S.-Israel memorandum of understanding will provide Israel with $38 million in military assistance from FY2019 to FY2028, subject to congressional approval. In addition to concerns over Iran\u2019s regional position that have increased despite or because of the 2015 international agreement on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, Israel\u2019s perceptions of security around its borders have changed since 2011 as several surrounding Arab countries have experienced political upheaval. Israel has shown concern about threats from Hezbollah and other non-state groups in ungoverned or minimally governed areas in Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt\u2019s Sinai Peninsula, as well as from Hamas and other Palestinian terrorist groups in the Gaza Strip. \nIsrael\u2019s political impasse with the Palestinians continues. Israel has militarily occupied the West Bank since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, with the Palestinian Authority exercising limited self-rule in some areas since the mid-1990s. Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu\u2019s commitment to a two-state solution could affect U.S. and international diplomatic initiatives. The Palestinians have advanced diplomatic and legal initiatives in various international fora despite U.S. and Israeli concerns about increasing international \u201cisolation\u201d of Israel. Activities facilitated by successive Israeli governments have resulted in approximately 580,000 Israelis living in residential neighborhoods or \u201csettlements\u201d in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. These settlements are of disputed legality under international law. Israel considers all of Jerusalem to be the \u201ceternal, undivided capital of Israel,\u201d but Palestinians claim a capital in East Jerusalem and some international actors advocate special political classification for the city or specific Muslim and Christian holy sites. The Gaza Strip presents its own set of complicated challenges. Israel withdrew its permanent military presence and its settlers from the Gaza Strip in 2005, but it still controls most access points. \nIsrael has a robust economy and a vibrant democracy, though how to incorporate Arab citizens into the state and society remains challenging. Since late 2015, Israeli-Palestinian violence centered in Jerusalem and the West Bank has stoked domestic and international debate about Israel\u2019s dedication to the rule of law on matters involving Palestinians, and about the openness of Israel\u2019s political sphere and civil society to varying viewpoints. Continuing development of offshore natural gas finds raises the prospect of a more energy-independent future, while economic debates focus largely on cost-of-living and inequality issues. Various leaders vie for public support by interweaving ideology with ethnic, religious, demographic, socioeconomic, and national security considerations. Netanyahu\u2019s current governing coalition includes various right-of-center and religious parties.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33476", "sha1": "faf760719fd2fbcbeb69564382169cf257f85399", "filename": "files/20161028_RL33476_faf760719fd2fbcbeb69564382169cf257f85399.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33476", "sha1": "1f7e0ef3319120f8e744275685c334e0fb278109", "filename": "files/20161028_RL33476_1f7e0ef3319120f8e744275685c334e0fb278109.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 445376, "date": "2015-06-01", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:59:33.258115", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "Since Israel\u2019s founding in 1948, successive U.S. Presidents and many Members of Congress have demonstrated a commitment to Israel\u2019s security and to maintaining close U.S.-Israel cooperation. Common perceptions of shared democratic values and religious affinities have contributed to the strong bilateral ties. The question of Israel\u2019s security regularly influences U.S. policy considerations regarding the Middle East, and Congress provides active oversight of executive branch dealings with Israel and other actors in the region. Israel is a leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid and a frequent purchaser of major U.S. weapons systems. By law, U.S. arms sales cannot adversely affect Israel\u2019s \u201cqualitative military edge\u201d over other countries in its region. The two countries signed a free trade agreement in 1985, and the United States is Israel\u2019s largest trading partner. \nIsrael has many regional security concerns and aligning U.S. and Israeli policies to address these concerns has presented persistent challenges. By voicing criticism of international diplomacy on Iran\u2019s nuclear program, Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu may seek to give Israel a voice in an ongoing negotiating process in which it does not directly participate. As a June 2015 deadline nears for a comprehensive international agreement on the issue, Israel apparently seeks material assurances that the United States will bolster its regional security standing and self-defense capabilities. In addition to concerns over Iran, Israel\u2019s perceptions of security around its borders have changed since 2011 as several surrounding Arab countries have experienced political upheaval. Israel has shown particular concern about threats from Hezbollah, the Islamic State organization, and other non-state groups in ungoverned or minimally governed areas in Syria, Lebanon, and Egypt\u2019s Sinai Peninsula, as well as from Hamas and other Palestinian terrorist groups in the Gaza Strip. \nIsrael\u2019s political impasse with the Palestinians continues. Questions about Netanyahu\u2019s commitment to a two-state solution could affect U.S. and international diplomatic initiatives. The Palestinians advance various diplomatic and legal initiatives of their own despite U.S. and Israeli concerns about increasing international \u201cisolation\u201d of Israel. Israel has militarily occupied the West Bank since the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, with the Palestinian Authority exercising limited self-rule in some areas since the mid-1990s. Activities facilitated by successive Israeli governments have resulted in approximately 500,000 Israelis living in residential neighborhoods or \u201csettlements\u201d in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. These settlements are of disputed legality under international law. Israel considers all of Jerusalem to be the \u201ceternal, undivided capital of Israel,\u201d but Palestinians claim a capital in East Jerusalem and some international actors advocate special political classification for the city or specific Muslim and Christian holy sites. Although Israel withdrew its permanent military presence and its settlers from the Gaza Strip in 2005, it still controls most access points. The territory presents complicated security and political challenges for Israel.\nDespite its unstable regional environment, Israel has a robust economy and a vibrant democracy, though how to incorporate Arab citizens into the state and society remains challenging. Recent exploitation of offshore natural gas raises the prospect of a more energy-independent future, while economic debates focus largely on cost-of-living and inequality issues. Israel\u2019s demographic profile appears to affect its political orientation. Various leaders vie for public support by interweaving ideology with ethnic, religious, socioeconomic, and national security considerations. After a March 2015 election victory, Netanyahu formed a coalition government in May with a number of right-of-center and religious parties. Many observers doubt the durability of the government because it represents a narrow 61-59 Knesset majority.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33476", "sha1": "9a837f5c4b492689dca8aea2c826815c0f2d51cb", "filename": "files/20150601_RL33476_9a837f5c4b492689dca8aea2c826815c0f2d51cb.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33476", "sha1": "e2fa298e5c6dd3442f06ed7158dcdb80a141b264", "filename": "files/20150601_RL33476_e2fa298e5c6dd3442f06ed7158dcdb80a141b264.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503638/", "id": "RL33476_2015Feb27", "date": "2015-02-27", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Israel: Background and U.S. Relations", "summary": "This report describes issues related to U.S. aid provided to Palestine to support prevention/combating against terrorism, creating coexistence with Israel and self-governance, and meeting humanitarian needs. 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In includes introductory and historical background as well as in-depth analysis of the types of U.S. bilateral aid to Palestine, U.S. contributions to the U.N. 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In includes introductory and historical background as well as in-depth analysis of the types of U.S. bilateral aid to Palestine, U.S. contributions to the U.N. 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In includes introductory and historical background as well as in-depth analysis of the types of U.S. bilateral aid to Palestine, U.S. contributions to the U.N. 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In includes introductory and historical background as well as in-depth analysis of the types of U.S. bilateral aid to Palestine, U.S. contributions to the U.N. 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