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The government has supported various efforts to promote cooperative research and development activities among industry, universities, and the federal R&D establishment designed to increase the competitiveness of American industry and to encourage the generation of new products, processes, and services.\nCollaborative ventures are intended to accommodate the strengths and responsibilities of all sectors involved in innovation and technology development. Academia, industry, and government often have complementary functions. Joint projects allow for the sharing of costs, risks, facilities, and expertise.\nCooperative activity covers various institutional and legal arrangements including industry-industry, industry-university, and industry-government efforts. Proponents of joint ventures argue that they permit work to be done that is too expensive for one company to support and allow for R&D that crosses traditional boundaries of expertise and experience. Such arrangements make use of existing, and support the development of new, resources, facilities, knowledge, and skills. Opponents argue that these endeavors dampen competition necessary for innovation.\nFederal efforts to encourage cooperative activities include the National Cooperative Research Act; the National Cooperative Production Act; tax changes permitting credits for industry payments to universities for R&D and deductions for contributions of equipment used in academic research; and amendments to the patent laws vesting title to inventions made under federal funding in universities. Technology transfer from the government to the private sector is facilitated by several laws. In addition, there are various ongoing cooperative programs supported by multiple federal departments and agencies.\nGiven the increased popularity of cooperative programs, questions might be raised as to whether they are meeting expectations. Among the issues before Congress are whether joint ventures contribute to industrial competitiveness and what role, if any, the government has in facilitating such arrangements.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33526", "sha1": "5aca623c3ff0a347028fb28b5e5e3135f0f54238", "filename": "files/20121203_RL33526_5aca623c3ff0a347028fb28b5e5e3135f0f54238.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33526", "sha1": "ec0307d3ad30440be8630d03ce4c919a6d6b159b", "filename": "files/20121203_RL33526_ec0307d3ad30440be8630d03ce4c919a6d6b159b.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491072/", "id": "RL33526_2010Dec07", "date": "2010-12-07", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": 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Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626992/", "id": "RL33526_2009Nov04", "date": "2009-11-04", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Cooperative R&D: Federal Efforts to Promote Industrial Competitiveness", "summary": "This report provides background and rationale on collaborative R&D, and discusses federal initiative in cooperative R&D.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091104_RL33526_7ce8b6b9e4073165a4b664cee87eb61fcfc11457.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091104_RL33526_7ce8b6b9e4073165a4b664cee87eb61fcfc11457.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Public contracts", "name": "Public contracts" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Research and development contracts", "name": "Research and development contracts" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Research grants", "name": "Research grants" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", 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The government has supported various efforts to promote cooperative research and development activities among industry, universities, and the federal R&D establishment designed to increase the competitiveness of American industry and to encourage the generation of new products, processes, and services.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060803_RL33526_2a9e688d009806712fc6f0c4347fd6346b70073d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060803_RL33526_2a9e688d009806712fc6f0c4347fd6346b70073d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Science policy", "name": "Science policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Industrial research", "name": "Industrial research" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Competition", "name": "Competition" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Research and development", "name": "Research and development" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Business", "name": "Business" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9461/", "id": "RL33526 2006-07-07", "date": "2006-07-07", "retrieved": "2006-12-05T12:39:57", "title": "Cooperative R&D: Federal Efforts to Promote Industrial Competitiveness", "summary": "In response to the foreign challenge in the global marketplace, the United States Congress has explored ways to stimulate technological advancement in the private sector. 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