{ "id": "RL33861", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RL33861", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 422540, "date": "2013-07-18", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T21:03:56.648380", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "Portions of all 50 states and the District of Columbia are vulnerable to earthquake hazards, although risks vary greatly across the country and within individual states. Seismic hazards are greatest in the western United States, particularly in California, Washington, Oregon, and Alaska and Hawaii. California has more citizens and infrastructure at risk than any other state because of the state\u2019s frequent seismic activity combined with its large population and developed infrastructure.\nThe United States faces the possibility of large economic losses from earthquake-damaged buildings and infrastructure. The Federal Emergency Management Agency has estimated that earthquakes cost the United States, on average, over $5 billion per year. California, Oregon, and Washington account for nearly $4.1 billion (77%) of the U.S. total estimated average annualized loss. California alone accounts for most of the estimated annualized earthquake losses for the nation.\nA single large earthquake, however, can cause far more damage than the average annual estimate. The 1994 Northridge (CA) earthquake caused as much as $26 billion (in 2005 dollars) in damage and was one of the costliest natural disasters to strike the United States. One study of the damage caused by a hypothetical magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the San Andreas Fault in southern California projected as many as 1,800 fatalities and more than $200 billion in economic losses. \nUnlike other natural hazards, such as hurricanes, where predicting the location and timing of landfall is becoming increasingly accurate, the scientific understanding of earthquakes does not yet allow for precise earthquake prediction. Instead, notification and warning typically involve communicating the location and magnitude of an earthquake as soon as possible after the event to emergency response providers and others who need the information.\nA precise relationship between earthquake mitigation measures, federal earthquake-related activities such as earthquake research, and reduced losses from an actual earthquake may never be possible. However, as more accurate seismic hazard maps evolve, and as understanding of the relationship between ground motion and building safety improves, trends denoting the effectiveness of mitigation strategies and earthquake research and other activities may emerge more clearly. Without an ability to precisely predict earthquakes, Congress is likely to face an ongoing challenge in determining the most effective federal approach to increasing the nation\u2019s resilience to low-probability but high-impact major earthquakes.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33861", "sha1": "c2318829d535db4d01bc29774fa811af0159012d", "filename": "files/20130718_RL33861_c2318829d535db4d01bc29774fa811af0159012d.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33861", "sha1": "3e53dc71a7c26a787a577a699f50d188a584ccc0", "filename": "files/20130718_RL33861_3e53dc71a7c26a787a577a699f50d188a584ccc0.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3473, "name": "Emergency and Disaster Preparedness" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4089, "name": "Emergency and Disaster Response" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94096/", "id": "RL33861_2011Sep02", "date": "2011-09-02", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), a program under which the federal government supports efforts to assess and monitor earthquake hazards and risk in the United States. This report also discusses earthquake hazards and risk in the United States; federal programs that support earthquake monitoring; the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings; and federally supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110902_RL33861_09aab3874a7ff52edbb5622eadbbc58fc414fd88.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110902_RL33861_09aab3874a7ff52edbb5622eadbbc58fc414fd88.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33064/", "id": "RL33861_2011Mar18", "date": "2011-03-18", "retrieved": "2011-04-28T13:31:19", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), a program under which the federal government supports efforts to assess and monitor earthquake hazards and risk in the United States. This report also discusses earthquake hazards and risk in the United States; federal programs that support earthquake monitoring; the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings; and federally supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110318_RL33861_d6624d1cde1bf02e267b45bf227165a75f168c09.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110318_RL33861_d6624d1cde1bf02e267b45bf227165a75f168c09.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc103205/", "id": "RL33861_2011Feb08", "date": "2011-02-08", "retrieved": "2012-09-19T20:16:14", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), a program under which the federal government supports efforts to assess and monitor earthquake hazards and risk in the United States. This report also discusses earthquake hazards and risk in the United States; federal programs that support earthquake monitoring; the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings; and federally-supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110208_RL33861_9c6df9ef4e7f0f8627707bca720b5f61612b7ef5.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110208_RL33861_9c6df9ef4e7f0f8627707bca720b5f61612b7ef5.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501491/", "id": "RL33861_2010Apr19", "date": "2010-04-19", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses: earthquake hazards and risk in the United States, federal programs that support earthquake monitoring, the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings, and federally-supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100419_RL33861_dc4684b0d5dda8c43ea48a851b7ea140b1c83968.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100419_RL33861_dc4684b0d5dda8c43ea48a851b7ea140b1c83968.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503598/", "id": "RL33861_2010Mar03", "date": "2010-03-03", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses: The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program NEHRP; earthquake hazards and risk in the United States; federal programs that support earthquake monitoring; the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings; and federally supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100303_RL33861_5cae0a444985694051d47fbf21fbbb5fee04cd38.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100303_RL33861_5cae0a444985694051d47fbf21fbbb5fee04cd38.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505452/", "id": "RL33861_2010Jan22", "date": "2010-01-22", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses earthquake hazards and risk in the United States, federal programs that support earthquake monitoring, the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings, and federally-supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100122_RL33861_6adf24794ef22585a3e2f3e8aa11de18526780aa.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100122_RL33861_6adf24794ef22585a3e2f3e8aa11de18526780aa.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505482/", "id": "RL33861_2010Jan14", "date": "2010-01-14", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Detection, Warning, and Research", "summary": "This report discusses earthquake hazards and risk in the United States, federal programs that support earthquake monitoring, the U.S. capability to detect earthquakes and issue notifications and warnings, and federally-supported research to improve the fundamental scientific understanding of earthquakes with a goal of reducing U.S. vulnerability.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100114_RL33861_68dbdcca64ccffe171b53dba17b7777d91fee7cc.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100114_RL33861_68dbdcca64ccffe171b53dba17b7777d91fee7cc.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94095/", "id": "RL33861_2008Jun19", "date": "2008-06-19", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Monitoring, Notification, and Research", "summary": "This report describes estimates of earthquake hazards and risk in the United States, the current federal programs that support earthquake monitoring and that provide notification after a seismic event, and the programs that support mitigation and research aimed at reducing U.S. vulnerability to earthquakes.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080619_RL33861_95a87119b1fa7133808eb4529fa7f052f506834f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080619_RL33861_95a87119b1fa7133808eb4529fa7f052f506834f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Geophysical prediction", "name": "Geophysical prediction" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc96763/", "id": "RL33861_2008Jan16", "date": "2008-01-16", "retrieved": "2012-08-07T13:52:45", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Monitoring, Notification, and Research", "summary": "This report describes estimates of earthquake hazards and risk in the United States; the current federal programs that support earthquake monitoring and that provide notification after a seismic event; and the programs that support mitigation and research aimed at reducing U.S. vulnerability to earthquakes.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080116_RL33861_5839ab445db0365595a2ada35d988feb4fd61cad.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080116_RL33861_5839ab445db0365595a2ada35d988feb4fd61cad.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquakes", "name": "Earthquakes" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Earthquake prediction", "name": "Earthquake prediction" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Emergency management", "name": "Emergency management" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806043/", "id": "RL33861_2007Feb02", "date": "2007-02-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Earthquakes: Risk, Monitoring, Notification, and Research", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070202_RL33861_7217a3b485bd248529c33ebb17c7a88b2f01d34c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070202_RL33861_7217a3b485bd248529c33ebb17c7a88b2f01d34c.html" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [] }