{ "id": "RL33975", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RL", "number": "RL33975", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "retrieved": "2021-01-07T04:03:40.215886", "id": "RL33975_29_2020-12-10", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-12-10_RL33975_6bf2caaae882625cbd7b810919fb3453569ac35d.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33975/29", "sha1": "6bf2caaae882625cbd7b810919fb3453569ac35d" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-12-10_RL33975_6bf2caaae882625cbd7b810919fb3453569ac35d.html" } ], "date": "2020-12-10", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RL", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RL33975", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585405, "date": "2018-01-30", "retrieved": "2018-09-20T14:36:32.653333", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": "The majority of young people in the United States grow up healthy and safe in their communities. Most of those of school age live with parents who provide for their well-being, and they attend schools that prepare them for advanced education or vocational training and, ultimately, self-sufficiency. Many youth also receive assistance from their families during the transition to adulthood. During this period, young adults cycle between attending school, living independently, and staying with their families. A study from 2009 found that over 60% of young people ages 19 to 22 receive financial support from their parents, including help with paying bills (42%), tuition assistance (35%), providing personal vehicles (23%), and paying rent (21.5%). Even with this assistance, the current move from adolescence to adulthood has become longer and increasingly complex.\nFor vulnerable (or \u201cat-risk\u201d) youth populations, the transition to adulthood is further complicated by a number of challenges, including family conflict or abandonment and obstacles to securing employment that provides adequate wages and health insurance. These youth may be prone to outcomes that have negative consequences for their future development as responsible, self-sufficient adults. Risk outcomes include teenage parenthood; homelessness; drug abuse; delinquency; physical and sexual abuse; and school dropout. Detachment from the labor market and school\u2014or disconnectedness\u2014may be the single strongest indicator that the transition to adulthood has not been made successfully. \nThe federal government has not adopted a single overarching federal policy or legislative vehicle that addresses the challenges vulnerable youth experience in adolescence or while making the transition to adulthood. Rather, federal youth policy today has evolved from multiple programs established in the early 20th century and expanded in the years following the 1964 announcement of the War on Poverty. These programs are concentrated in six areas: workforce development, education, juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, social services, public health, and national and community service. They are intended to provide vulnerable youth with opportunities to develop skills to assist them in adulthood.\nDespite the range of federal services and activities to assist disadvantaged youth, many of these programs have not developed into a coherent system of support. This is due in part to the administration of programs within several agencies and the lack of mechanisms to coordinate their activities. In response to concerns about the complex federal structure developed to assist vulnerable youth, Congress passed the Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act (P.L. 109-365) in 2006. Though activities under the act were never funded, the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs was formed in 2008 under Executive Order 13459 to carry out coordinating activities across multiple agencies that oversee youth programs. Separately, Congress has considered other legislation to improve the delivery of services to vulnerable youth and provide opportunities to these youth through policies with a \u201cpositive youth development\u201d focus. The Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs characterizes positive youth development as a process that engages young people in positive pursuits that help them acquire and practice the skills, attitudes, and behaviors that they will need to become successful adults.\nIn addition to the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs, the executive branch has established working groups and initiatives to coordinate supports for youth. The Department of Justice has carried out the Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention since the 1970s to coordinate federal policies on youth involved in the juvenile justice system. More recently, the Obama and Trump Administrations have carried out the Performance Partnership Pilots (P3) initiative to coordinate funding across selected agencies to support local communities in serving vulnerable youth.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33975", "sha1": "f403e2d4167938d1e6396fdd71bfc456412ca057", "filename": "files/20180130_RL33975_f403e2d4167938d1e6396fdd71bfc456412ca057.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33975", "sha1": "4fc3c4589bcdef18aae4b143b978cb3eeed52292", "filename": "files/20180130_RL33975_4fc3c4589bcdef18aae4b143b978cb3eeed52292.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4864, "name": "Youth & Transition to Adulthood" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454743, "date": "2016-08-02", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:39:13.281711", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": "The majority of young people in the United States grow up healthy and safe in their communities. Most of those of school age live with parents who provide for their well-being, and they attend schools that prepare them for advanced education or vocational training and, ultimately, self-sufficiency. Many youth also receive assistance from their families during the transition to adulthood. During this period, young adults cycle between attending school, living independently, and staying with their families. Approximately 60% of parents today provide financial support to their adult children who are no longer in school. This support comes in the form of housing (50% of parents provide this support to their adult children), living expenses (48%), cost of transportation (41%), health insurance (35%), spending money (29%), and medical bills (28%). Even with this assistance, the current move from adolescence to adulthood has become longer and increasingly complex.\nFor vulnerable (or \u201cat-risk\u201d) youth populations, the transition to adulthood is further complicated by a number of challenges, including family conflict or abandonment and obstacles to securing employment that provides adequate wages and health insurance. These youth may be prone to outcomes that have negative consequences for their future development as responsible, self-sufficient adults. Risk outcomes include teenage parenthood; homelessness; drug abuse; delinquency; physical and sexual abuse; and school dropout. Detachment from the labor market and school\u2014or disconnectedness\u2014may be the single strongest indicator that the transition to adulthood has not been made successfully. \nThe federal government has not adopted a single overarching federal policy or legislative vehicle that addresses the challenges vulnerable youth experience in adolescence or while making the transition to adulthood. Rather, federal youth policy today has evolved from multiple programs established in the early 20th century and expanded in the years following the 1964 announcement of the War on Poverty. These programs are concentrated in six areas: workforce development, education, juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, social services, public health, and national and community service. They are intended to provide vulnerable youth with opportunities to develop skills to assist them in adulthood.\nDespite the range of federal services and activities to assist disadvantaged youth, many of these programs have not developed into a coherent system of support. This is due in part to the administration of programs within several agencies and the lack of mechanisms to coordinate their activities. In response to concerns about the complex federal structure developed to assist vulnerable youth, Congress passed the Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act (P.L. 109-365) in 2006. Though activities under the act were never funded, the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs was formed in 2008 under Executive Order 13459 to carry out coordinating activities across multiple agencies that oversee youth programs. Separately, Congress has considered other legislation (the Younger Americans Act of 2000 and the Youth Community Development Block Grant of 1995) to improve the delivery of services to vulnerable youth and provide opportunities to these youth through policies with a \u201cpositive youth development\u201d focus. The Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs characterizes positive youth development as a process that engages young people in positive pursuits that help them acquire and practice the skills, attitudes, and behaviors that they will need to become effective and successful adults in their work, family, and civic lives.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33975", "sha1": "c4a26e2f638bd4b2b01b7dd2959d977474acc821", "filename": "files/20160802_RL33975_c4a26e2f638bd4b2b01b7dd2959d977474acc821.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33975", "sha1": "4e995a964fc3eabd8aad95856dac633891bdf1c8", "filename": "files/20160802_RL33975_4e995a964fc3eabd8aad95856dac633891bdf1c8.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4864, "name": "Youth & Transition to Adulthood" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 439542, "date": "2015-03-18", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T19:20:57.799556", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": "The majority of young people in the United States grow up healthy and safe in their communities. Most of those of school age live with parents who provide for their well-being, and they attend schools that prepare them for advanced education or vocational training and, ultimately, self-sufficiency. Many youth also receive assistance from their families during the transition to adulthood. During this period, young adults cycle between attending school, living independently, and staying with their families. Approximately 60% of parents today provide financial support to their adult children who are no longer in school. This support comes in the form of housing (50% of parents provide this support to their adult children), living expenses (48%), cost of transportation (41%), health insurance (35%), spending money (29%), and medical bills (28%). Even with this assistance, the current move from adolescence to adulthood has become longer and increasingly complex.\nFor vulnerable (or \u201cat-risk\u201d) youth populations, the transition to adulthood is further complicated by a number of challenges, including family conflict or abandonment and obstacles to securing employment that provides adequate wages and health insurance. These youth may be prone to outcomes that have negative consequences for their future development as responsible, self-sufficient adults. Risk outcomes include teenage parenthood; homelessness; drug abuse; delinquency; physical and sexual abuse; and school dropout. Detachment from the labor market and school\u2014or disconnectedness\u2014may be the single strongest indicator that the transition to adulthood has not been made successfully. \nThe federal government has not adopted a single overarching federal policy or legislative vehicle that addresses the challenges vulnerable youth experience in adolescence or while making the transition to adulthood. Rather, federal youth policy today has evolved from multiple programs established in the early 20th century and expanded in the years following the 1964 announcement of the War on Poverty. These programs are concentrated in six areas: workforce development, education, juvenile justice and delinquency prevention, social services, public health, and national and community service. They are intended to provide vulnerable youth with opportunities to develop skills to assist them in adulthood.\nDespite the range of federal services and activities to assist disadvantaged youth, many of these programs have not developed into a coherent system of support. This is due in part to the administration of programs within several agencies and the lack of mechanisms to coordinate their activities. In response to concerns about the complex federal structure developed to assist vulnerable youth, Congress passed the Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act (P.L. 109-365) in 2006. Though activities under the act were never funded, the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs was formed in 2008 under Executive Order 13459 to carry out coordinating activities across multiple agencies that oversee youth programs. Separately, Congress has considered other legislation (the Younger Americans Act of 2000 and the Youth Community Development Block Grant of 1995) to improve the delivery of services to vulnerable youth and provide opportunities to these youth through policies with a \u201cpositive youth development\u201d focus. The Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs characterizes positive youth development as a process that engages young people in positive pursuits that help them acquire and practice the skills, attitudes, and behaviors that they will need to become effective and successful adults in their work, family, and civic lives.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RL33975", "sha1": "45cf59781d3e21831de1c5a9977919d3adff4bec", "filename": "files/20150318_RL33975_45cf59781d3e21831de1c5a9977919d3adff4bec.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RL33975", "sha1": "fc4f58912fc457b7eb6db75098b8ea04e935f2b9", "filename": "files/20150318_RL33975_fc4f58912fc457b7eb6db75098b8ea04e935f2b9.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 2651, "name": "Child Well-Being" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc276905/", "id": "RL33975_2014Jan13", "date": "2014-01-13", "retrieved": "2014-03-05T18:18:19", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": "This report first provides an overview of the youth population and the increasing complexity of the transition to adulthood for all adolescents with a discussion of the concept of \"disconnectedness,\" as well as the protective factors youth can develop during childhood and adolescence that can mitigate poor outcomes. Further, the report describes the evolution of federal youth policy and provides a brief overview of current federal programs targeted at vulnerable youth, and discusses the challenges of coordinating federal programs for youth, as well as federal legislation and initiatives that promote coordination among federal agencies and support programs with a positive youth development focus.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140113_RL33975_822b1a8180d27cf22922bec4a6131f9a1fe5eed7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140113_RL33975_822b1a8180d27cf22922bec4a6131f9a1fe5eed7.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Youth", "name": "Youth" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Children", "name": "Children" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mentoring", "name": "Mentoring" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Age and employment", "name": "Age and employment" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122313/", "id": "RL33975_2012Aug29", "date": "2012-08-29", "retrieved": "2012-11-30T09:28:34", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": "This report first provides an overview of the youth population and the increasing complexity of transitioning to adulthood for all adolescents. It also provides a separate discussion of the concept of \"disconnectedness,\" as well as the protective factors youth can develop during childhood and adolescence that can mitigate poor outcomes. Further, the report describes the evolution of federal youth policy and provides a brief overview of current federal programs targeted at vulnerable youth. The report then discusses the challenges of coordinating federal programs for youth, as well as federal legislation and initiatives that promote coordination among federal agencies and support programs with a positive youth development focus.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120829_RL33975_afe971bb3863687cbcea94eb201a9a8a65cb057b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120829_RL33975_afe971bb3863687cbcea94eb201a9a8a65cb057b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Youth", "name": "Youth" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Children", "name": "Children" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Mentoring", "name": "Mentoring" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Age and employment", "name": "Age and employment" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc806152/", "id": "RL33975_2008Sep03", "date": "2008-09-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080903_RL33975_f5178451f10c4592aa7bb08142f0a9a13f96d75d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080903_RL33975_f5178451f10c4592aa7bb08142f0a9a13f96d75d.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817692/", "id": "RL33975_2007Jun14", "date": "2007-06-14", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070614_RL33975_e8080fe3949446a3e2e58adfdd9d780716e98765.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070614_RL33975_e8080fe3949446a3e2e58adfdd9d780716e98765.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815535/", "id": "RL33975_2007Apr24", "date": "2007-04-24", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Vulnerable Youth: Background and Policies", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070424_RL33975_246e5fd7cf23e5609b6b1bc4c4d27a029d6e215c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070424_RL33975_246e5fd7cf23e5609b6b1bc4c4d27a029d6e215c.html" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [ "Domestic Social Policy", "Economic Policy", "Health Policy", "National Defense" ] }