{
  "id": "RL34477",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RL34477",
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  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
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      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 344419,
      "date": "2008-10-01",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T03:08:01.460844",
      "title": "Extending NASA\u2019s Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act",
      "summary": "The Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 (INA) was enacted to help stop foreign transfers to Iran of weapons of mass destruction, missile technology, and advanced conventional weapons technology, particularly from Russia. Section 6 of the INA banned U.S. payments to Russia in connection with the International Space Station (ISS) unless the U.S. President determined that Russia was taking steps to prevent such proliferation. When the President in 2004 announced that the Space Shuttle would be retired in 2010, the Russian Soyuz became the only vehicle available after that date to transport astronauts to and from the ISS. In 2005 Congress amended INA to exempt Soyuz flights to the ISS from the Section 6 ban through 2011. It also extended the provisions to Syria and North Korea, and renamed it the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act (INKSNA).\nNASA has asked Congress in 2008 to extend the exemption for the life of the ISS, or until U.S. crew transport vehicles become operational. As in 2005, an exemption would be needed before payments could be made to Russia since the President has not made a determination pursuant to Section 6(b) of the INKSNA regarding Russian nonproliferation policy or proliferation activities to Iran, North Korea or Syria.\nSince 2005, Russia has stepped up cooperation with the United States and countries over Iran\u2019s nuclear program. President Bush has praised Russian President Putin for his \u201cleadership\u201d in offering a solution to the Iranian nuclear negotiations. However, Russian military actions in the Republic of Georgia in August 2008 put into question congressional support to waive the INKSNA requirement. The waiver authority was nevertheless extended until July 1, 2016, in H.R. 2638, The Consolidated Security, Disaster Assistance, and Continuing Appropriations Act of 2009. This bill was passed by the House and Senate and signed by the President on September 30 (P.L. 110-329).",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc770500/",
      "id": "RL34477_2008Jul30",
      "date": "2008-07-30",
      "retrieved": "2015-11-04T09:58:14",
      "title": "Extending NASA's Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act",
      "summary": "This report discusses NASA's exemptions from the Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 (INA) as it relates to the International Space Station (ISS). It provides background information on the ISS and nonproliferation as well as INA origins and relation to the ISS.  It also discusses amendments to the INA, current plans for the ISS, and related issues.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation",
          "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear research",
          "name": "Nuclear research"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear energy",
          "name": "Nuclear energy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Nuclear energy policy",
          "name": "Nuclear energy policy"
        }
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    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814839/",
      "id": "RL34477_2008May08",
      "date": "2008-05-08",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Extending NASA\u2019s Exemption from the Iran, North Korea, and Syria Nonproliferation Act",
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  "topics": [
    "Appropriations",
    "Foreign Affairs",
    "National Defense"
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}