{
  "id": "RS20237",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RS20237",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 102542,
      "date": "1999-06-17",
      "retrieved": "2016-05-24T20:44:17.806941",
      "title": "Commerce Clause Issues in Brzonkala v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University",
      "summary": "In  Brzonkala v. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , an en banc Court\nof Appeals for\nthe Fourth Circuit considered the constitutionality of 42 U.S.C. \u00bf13981, which creates a federal\ncause of action against any person who commits a crime of violence motivated by gender animus.\nAnalyzing \u00bf13981 according to the framework delineated in  Lopez v. United States , the\nFourth\nCircuit determined that gender motivated violence is not a commercial activity and is not\nsubstantially connected to interstate commerce, rendering the statute invalid under the Commerce\nClause.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20237",
          "sha1": "8a27cec78ceacb8f43130ba5dd87b934416004ca",
          "filename": "files/19990617_RS20237_8a27cec78ceacb8f43130ba5dd87b934416004ca.pdf",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/19990617_RS20237_8a27cec78ceacb8f43130ba5dd87b934416004ca.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "American Law",
    "Constitutional Questions"
  ]
}