{
  "id": "RS20241",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RS20241",
  "active": false,
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      "id": 350298,
      "date": "2006-10-19",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T18:44:13.873029",
      "title": "Monopoly and Monopolization\u2014Fundamental but Separate Concepts in\u00a0U.S.\u00a0Antitrust Law",
      "summary": "Antitrust doctrine holds that viable competition will best protect consumers; it is concerned with the viability of individual competitors only insofar as their fates affect marketplace competitiveness. Moreover, the Rule of Reason generally modified \u201ccompetition\u201d with \u201creasonable.\u201d [Note: Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. 1 (1911). Rule of Reason analysis balances (with the exception of the relatively few instances of per se violations of the antitrust laws (e.g., price fixing, boycotts)) the anticompetitive results of a transaction against any procompetitive effects that might be produced.] Viewed in the context of the Rule of Reason, the general prohibitions against monopolization and attempted monopolization (Sherman Act \u00a7 2, Clayton Act \u00a77) and any assessment of \u201cunfair acts\u201d in commerce (Federal Trade Commission Act \u00a7 5) require two inquiries: whether an entity is in fact a monopolist; and whether that monopolist has unlawfully monopolized the market(s) within which it operates (the applicable, \u201crelevant market,\u201d which may be either product- or geographically based, or both). \nThis report will attempt to illustrate the difference between the concepts of \u201cmonopoly\u201d and \u201cmonopolization\u201d by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative of the agencies\u2019 concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations. [Note: Jointly issued Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission Horizontal Merger Guidelines, published and released April 2, 1992 [\u201cMerger Guidelines\u201d or \u201cGuidelines\u201d], reprinted at 1559 Antitrust & Trade Regulation Report (ATRR) (Special Supplement) (April 2, 1992) and 1806 ATRR 359 (April 10, 1997).]",
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc812312/",
      "id": "RS20241_2005May23",
      "date": "2005-05-23",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Monopoly and Monopolization \u2014 Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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          "filename": "files/20050523_RS20241_df99b73efc52cf2175720e6129bf3359475e5748.html"
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    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1447/",
      "id": "RS20241_2001Aug20",
      "date": "2001-08-20",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-10T21:18:37",
      "title": "Monopoly and Monopolization - Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law",
      "summary": "This report illustrates the difference between the concepts of \u201cmonopoly\u201d and \u201cmonopolization\u201d by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative\r\nof the agencies\u2019 concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2 and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
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          "filename": "files/20010820_RS20241_8ed63944a2e9c82fd57e0db87c9a7d5f9f02c071.html"
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Business",
          "name": "Business"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Monopolies",
          "name": "Monopolies"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Antitrust law",
          "name": "Antitrust law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Law",
          "name": "Law"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs893/",
      "id": "RS20241_1999Jun28",
      "date": "1999-06-28",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-10T21:18:25",
      "title": "Monopoly and Monopolization - Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law",
      "summary": "This report illustrates the difference between the concepts of \u201cmonopoly\u201d and \u201cmonopolization\u201d by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative\r\nof the agencies\u2019 concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2 and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
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      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Business",
          "name": "Business"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Monopolies",
          "name": "Monopolies"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Antitrust law",
          "name": "Antitrust law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Law",
          "name": "Law"
        }
      ]
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}