{ "id": "RS20871", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "RS", "number": "RS20871", "active": true, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov, EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.881857", "id": "RS20871_313_2022-02-02", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2022-02-02_RS20871_579994ffd4ebe229819c031505effdfa0073d754.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/313", "sha1": "579994ffd4ebe229819c031505effdfa0073d754" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2022-02-02_RS20871_579994ffd4ebe229819c031505effdfa0073d754.html" } ], "date": "2022-02-02", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.880680", "id": "RS20871_311_2021-04-06", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2021-04-06_RS20871_3d26308a7e35c844ca7e9ca44c00e553a4e47e32.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/311", "sha1": "3d26308a7e35c844ca7e9ca44c00e553a4e47e32" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2021-04-06_RS20871_3d26308a7e35c844ca7e9ca44c00e553a4e47e32.html" } ], "date": "2021-04-06", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.879673", "id": "RS20871_309_2020-11-18", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-11-18_RS20871_e495e244a077cedae302c7af5319bf0174bd1663.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/309", "sha1": "e495e244a077cedae302c7af5319bf0174bd1663" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-11-18_RS20871_e495e244a077cedae302c7af5319bf0174bd1663.html" } ], "date": "2020-11-18", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.878670", "id": "RS20871_307_2020-07-23", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-07-23_RS20871_28c01e23695d9e9f7ab2c2fadf4fea5e7dc59021.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/307", "sha1": "28c01e23695d9e9f7ab2c2fadf4fea5e7dc59021" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-07-23_RS20871_28c01e23695d9e9f7ab2c2fadf4fea5e7dc59021.html" } ], "date": "2020-07-23", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 622492, "date": "2020-04-14", "retrieved": "2020-04-17T22:20:04.561503", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used economic sanctions to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. U.S. sanctions on Iran, which are primarily \u201csecondary sanctions\u201d on firms that conduct certain transactions with Iran, have adversely affected Iran\u2019s economy. The sanctions arguably have not, to date, altered Iran\u2019s pursuit of core strategic objectives including its support for regional armed factions and its development of missiles. Arguably, sanctions did contribute to Iran\u2019s decision to enter into a 2015 agreement that put limits on its nuclear program.\nDuring 2011-2015, the global community pressured Iran economically, and Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran was rendered unable to access its foreign exchange assets abroad. Iran accepted the 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA) in part because the agreement brought broad sanctions relief. The Obama Administration waived relevant sanctions and revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s). United Nations and European Union sanctions were lifted as well. Remaining in place were U.S. sanctions on: U.S. trade with Iran, Iran\u2019s support for regional armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons technology, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which endorsed the JCPOA, provided for a non-binding restriction on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and kept in place an existing ban on its importation or exportation of arms. The latter ban expires on October 18, 2020. The sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to its foreign exchange funds, and order some new passenger aircraft. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA. All U.S. secondary sanctions were re-imposed as of November 6, 2018. Sanctions have since been at the core of Trump Administration policy to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran, with the stated purpose of compelling Iran to negotiate a revised JCPOA that takes into account U.S. concerns beyond Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The policy has caused major companies to exit the Iran market, and Iran\u2019s economy fell into severe recession. Iran\u2019s oil exports decreased dramatically, particularly after the Administration in May 2019 ended sanctions exceptions for the purchase of Iranian oil. The Administration has also sanctioned several senior Iranian officials. Iran has continued to develop its missile force and to provide arms and support to a broad array of armed factions operating throughout the region, while refusing, to date, to begin talks with the United States on a revised JCPOA. \nThe European Union and other countries have sought to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the nuclear accord. In early 2019, the European countries created a mechanism to facilitate trade with Iran but the vehicle only completed one transaction in its first year of operations. Since mid-2019, Iran has responded to the increasing sanctions by decreasing its compliance with some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA and by conducting provocations in the Persian Gulf and in Iraq. \nThe COVID-19 pandemic has prompted international criticism that U.S. sanctions on Iran might be hindering Iran\u2019s response to the outbreak. Iran has reported more cases and more deaths from the illness than any other country in the region. Numerous accounts indicate that sanctions have hindered Iran\u2019s ability to finance the purchase of medical equipment, even though U.S. sanctions do not apply to humanitarian transactions. In March 2020, the Administration revised public sanctions guidance to prompt foreign companies to proceed with sales of humanitarian items to Iran. The Administration has also offered assistance to help Iran deal with COVID-19, but Iran has refused the U.S. aid. Iran has applied to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for a $5 billion loan. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "ab7ed6000d87afd0fde3366010704f7354b227db", "filename": "files/20200414_RS20871_ab7ed6000d87afd0fde3366010704f7354b227db.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200414_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "c963a95f9c81dacf1a5057b88be3a03052e3807f", "filename": "files/20200414_RS20871_c963a95f9c81dacf1a5057b88be3a03052e3807f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 615055, "date": "2020-01-24", "retrieved": "2020-01-29T14:05:26.254433", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used economic sanctions to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. U.S. sanctions, including \u201csecondary sanctions\u201d on firms that conduct certain transactions with Iran, have adversely affected Iran\u2019s economy but have had little observable effect on Iran\u2019s pursuit of core strategic objectives such as its support for regional armed factions and its development of ballistic and cruise missiles.\nDuring 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran economically, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited access to its $120 billion in assets abroad. Iran accepted the 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA) in part because it brought broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a U.S. sanctions on trade with Iran, Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, there were nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remained in place. The later ban expires on October 18, 2020. The sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-2017), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. \nSanctions are at the core of Trump Administration policy to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran, with the stated purpose of compelling Iran to negotiate a revised JCPOA that takes into account the broad range of U.S. concerns about Iran. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and all U.S. secondary sanctions were reimposed as of November 6, 2018. The effect of the reinstatement has been to drive Iran\u2019s economy into severe recession as major companies have exited the Iranian economy. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased dramatically\u2014particularly after the Administration in May 2019 ended sanctions exceptions for the purchase of Iranian oil\u2014and the value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply. Since the summer of 2019, the Administration has sanctioned numerous entities that are supporting Iran\u2019s remaining oil trade, added sanctions on Iran\u2019s Central Bank, and sanctioned several senior Iranian officials. In 2019, the Administration ended several of the waivers under which foreign governments provided technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran\u2019s nuclear program. \nThe European Union and other countries have sought to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. In January 2019, the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that circumvents U.S. secondary sanctions, and the EU countries are contemplating providing Iran with $15 billion in credits, secured by future oil deliveries, to facilitate the use of that mechanism. However, the vehicle has not succeeded, to date, in its economic objectives, and Iran has responded by decreasing its compliance with some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA and by conducting provocations in the Persian Gulf. Iran has, to date, refused to begin talks with the United States on a revised JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "c5ca2898e55664d0593e6c3822d2feb1ba9d3478", "filename": "files/20200124_RS20871_c5ca2898e55664d0593e6c3822d2feb1ba9d3478.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20200124_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "681e7383cbaeb4d5ffc0879379fb384a07ad0111", "filename": "files/20200124_RS20871_681e7383cbaeb4d5ffc0879379fb384a07ad0111.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.875686", "id": "RS20871_302_2020-01-23", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2020-01-23_RS20871_1f210ecb920f8ca990ca11a0b9e59c1039f8ce75.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/302", "sha1": "1f210ecb920f8ca990ca11a0b9e59c1039f8ce75" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2020-01-23_RS20871_1f210ecb920f8ca990ca11a0b9e59c1039f8ce75.html" } ], "date": "2020-01-23", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 608653, "date": "2019-11-15", "retrieved": "2019-12-13T15:23:16.529600", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used economic sanctions to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. U.S. sanctions, including \u201csecondary sanctions\u201d on firms that conduct certain transactions with Iran, have adversely affected Iran\u2019s economy but have had little observable effect on Iran\u2019s pursuit of core strategic objectives such as its support for regional armed factions and its development of ballistic and cruise missiles.\nDuring 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. Iran accepted the 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA), which provided Iran broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. The sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. \nSanctions are at the core of Trump Administration policy to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran, with the stated purpose of compelling Iran to negotiate a revised JCPOA that takes into account U.S. concerns beyond Iran\u2019s nuclear program. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and U.S. secondary sanctions were reimposed as of November 6, 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into recession as major companies have exited the Iranian economy and Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased dramatically\u2014particularly after the Administration in May 2019 ended sanctions exceptions for the purchase of Iranian oil. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and there has been some unrest. Since the summer of 2019, the Administration has sanctioned numerous entities that are supporting Iran\u2019s remaining oil trade, added sanctions on Iran\u2019s Central Bank, and sanctioned a number of high-ranking Iranian officials. On May 3, 2019, the Administration ended two waivers for foreign governments to provide technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but it extended five other civilian nuclear waivers in August 2019.\nThe European Union and other countries have sought to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. In January 2019, the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that circumvents U.S. secondary sanctions, and the EU countries are contemplating providing Iran with $15 billion in credits, secured by future oil deliveries, to facilitate the use of that mechanism. The economic difficulties and other U.S. pressure measures have prompted Iran to respond by decreasing its compliance with some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA, and have contributed to Iranian leaders\u2019 apparent decision to attack and interfere with some commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf. For now, Iran is refusing to begin talks with the United States on a revised JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "82911e530a9f8ed486919fb4f0b9fa4fc94c8c8d", "filename": "files/20191115_RS20871_82911e530a9f8ed486919fb4f0b9fa4fc94c8c8d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20191115_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "84b40bd275f6ce5988354065f35bb900c1b17c9c", "filename": "files/20191115_RS20871_84b40bd275f6ce5988354065f35bb900c1b17c9c.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 604918, "date": "2019-09-11", "retrieved": "2019-09-16T22:05:18.462200", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used sanctions extensively against Iran to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy but little observable effect on Iran\u2019s pursuit of core strategic objectives. Iran has provided support for regional armed factions, developed ballistic missiles, and expanded its conventional weapons development programs during periods when international sanctions were in force, when they were suspended, and after U.S. sanctions were reimposed in late 2018.\nDuring 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. Iran accepted the 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA), which provided Iran broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly presanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. \nSanctions are at the core of Trump Administration policy to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran, with the stated purpose of compelling Iran to negotiate a revised JCPOA that takes into account U.S. concerns beyond Iran\u2019s nuclear program. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and U.S. secondary sanctions were reimposed by November 6, 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into recession as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased dramatically, particularly after the Administration in May 2019 ended sanctions exceptions for the purchase of Iranian oil. In the summer of 2019, the Administration has sanctioned numerous entities that are supporting Iran\u2019s remaining oil trade. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and there has been some unrest. \nThe European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. In January 2019, the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that presumably can increase trade with Iran by circumventing U.S. secondary sanctions, and the EU countries are contemplating providing Iran with $15 billion in credits, secured by future oil deliveries, to fuel that trading mechanism. On May 3, 2019, the Administration ended some waivers for foreign governments to provide technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran\u2019s nuclear program, but it extended other waivers in August 2019. The economic difficulties and other U.S. pressure measures have prompted Iran to cease performing some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA, and contributed to Iranian leaders\u2019 apparent decision to attack and interfere with some commercial shipping in the Persian Gulf. But, at least for now, Iran is refusing to begin talks with the United States on a revised JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "3ce4f18207e0e19b6a978ce92a241aa3dd173e57", "filename": "files/20190911_RS20871_3ce4f18207e0e19b6a978ce92a241aa3dd173e57.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190911_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "e31c9a965948a7c096102d6c9f0cc6da0cd7ba1a", "filename": "files/20190911_RS20871_e31c9a965948a7c096102d6c9f0cc6da0cd7ba1a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.872940", "id": "RS20871_297_2019-09-10", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2019-09-10_RS20871_881f4870768e444d3494ae34cef43faf8cb3614a.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/297", "sha1": "881f4870768e444d3494ae34cef43faf8cb3614a" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-09-10_RS20871_881f4870768e444d3494ae34cef43faf8cb3614a.html" } ], "date": "2019-09-10", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 602461, "date": "2019-07-12", "retrieved": "2019-07-19T22:08:15.602681", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used sanctions extensively to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy but little, if any, observable effect on Iran\u2019s conventional defense programs or regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. \nThe 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. However, the economic rebound did not prevent sporadic unrest from erupting in December 2017. And, Iran has provided support for regional armed factions, developed ballistic missiles, and expanded its conventional weapons development programs during periods when international sanctions were in force, when they were suspended, and after U.S. sanctions were reimposed in late 2018. \nThe Trump Administration has made sanctions central to efforts to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran\u2019s regime. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and U.S. secondary sanctions were reimposed by November 6, 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into recession as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased significantly, the value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But, the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. To that end, in January 2019 the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that presumably can increase trade with Iran by circumventing U.S. secondary sanctions. On November 5, 2018, the Administration granted 180-day \u201cSignificant Reduction Exceptions\u201d (SREs) to eight countries\u2014enabling them to import Iranian oil without penalty as long as they continue to reduce purchases of Iranian oil. On April 22, 2019, the Administration announced it would not renew any SREs when they expire on May 2, 2019, instead seeking to drive Iran\u2019s oil exports as close to zero as possible. On May 3, 2019, the Administration ended some waivers for foreign governments to provide technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The economic difficulties and other U.S. pressure measures have prompted Iran to cease performing some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "76a1b4a1a24bb7ce8ca360e011f7d7c72c3b7b7d", "filename": "files/20190712_RS20871_76a1b4a1a24bb7ce8ca360e011f7d7c72c3b7b7d.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190712_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "7120b886d23f198ba8fb0c213d3176017a0be186", "filename": "files/20190712_RS20871_7120b886d23f198ba8fb0c213d3176017a0be186.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 598745, "date": "2019-05-21", "retrieved": "2019-05-24T22:17:18.398366", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used sanctions extensively to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy but little, if any, observable effect on Iran\u2019s conventional defense programs or regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. \nThe 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief through the waiving of relevant sanctions, revocation of relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and the lifting of U.N. and EU sanctions. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, which enshrined the JCPOA, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. However, the economic rebound did not prevent sporadic unrest from erupting in December 2017. And, Iran has provided support for regional armed factions, developed ballistic missiles, and expanded its conventional weapons development programs during periods when international sanctions were in force, when they were suspended, and after U.S. sanctions were reimposed in late 2018. \nThe Trump Administration has made sanctions central to efforts to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran\u2019s regime. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed by early November 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into mild recession as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased significantly, the value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But, the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. To that end, in January 2019 the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that presumably can increase trade with Iran by circumventing U.S. secondary sanctions. On November 5, 2018, the Administration granted 180-day \u201cSignificant Reduction Exceptions\u201d (SREs) to eight countries\u2014enabling them to import Iranian oil without penalty as long as they continue to reduce purchases of Iranian oil. On April 22, 2019, the Administration announced it would not renew any SREs when they expire on May 2, 2019, instead seeking to drive Iran\u2019s oil exports as close to zero as possible. On May 3, 2019, the Administration ended some waivers for foreign governments to provide technical assistance to some JCPOA-permitted aspects of Iran\u2019s nuclear program. The economic difficulties and other U.S. pressure measures have prompted Iran to cease performing some of the nuclear commitments of the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "085b16ff0a0e6e4729f45a8c9b5d3f27da74375c", "filename": "files/20190521_RS20871_085b16ff0a0e6e4729f45a8c9b5d3f27da74375c.html", "images": { "/products/Getimages/?directory=RS/html/RS20871_files&id=/0.png": "files/20190521_RS20871_images_74801c47e54679086943ca1ae63522cf78125630.png" } }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "9406b572b06e1ddf056f5cf0d3b6cae929730b13", "filename": "files/20190521_RS20871_9406b572b06e1ddf056f5cf0d3b6cae929730b13.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 596946, "date": "2019-04-22", "retrieved": "2019-05-03T14:16:48.946452", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used sanctions extensively to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief as the Obama Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran has defied the Resolution by continuing long-standing support for regional armed factions and development of ballistic missiles. Iran was able to pursue these policies even when strict international economic sanctions imposed significant harm to its economy during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. However, the economic rebound did not prevent sporadic unrest from erupting in December 2017. \nThe Trump Administration has made sanctions central to efforts to apply \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d on Iran\u2019s regime. On May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed by early November 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into mild recession as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased significantly, the value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But, the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. To that end, in January 2019 the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that presumably can increase trade with Iran by circumventing U.S. secondary sanctions. On November 5, 2018, the Administration granted 180-day \u201cSignificant Reduction Exceptions\u201d (SREs) to eight countries \u2013 enabling them to import Iranian oil without penalty as long as they continue to reduce purchases of Iranian oil. On April 22, 2019. The Administration announced it would not renew any SREs when they expire on May 2, 2019, instead seeking to drive Iran\u2019s oil exports as close to zero as possible. The economic difficulties have prompted Iranian hardliners to urge reconsideration of Iran\u2019s continued adherence to the JCPOA.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "f5f75e8183639ebb6a71ef4fd90e22b578e431f2", "filename": "files/20190422_RS20871_f5f75e8183639ebb6a71ef4fd90e22b578e431f2.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "7fdf3bc0c536e5e62ac950811f871d147ad0e2df", "filename": "files/20190422_RS20871_7fdf3bc0c536e5e62ac950811f871d147ad0e2df.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 596362, "date": "2019-04-15", "retrieved": "2019-04-16T14:39:20.443977", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Successive Administrations have used sanctions extensively to try to change Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions have a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank as its crude oil exports fell by more than 50%, and Iran had limited ability to utilize its $120 billion in assets held abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief as the Obama Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran has defied the Resolution by continuing long-standing support for regional armed factions and development of ballistic missiles. Iran was able to pursue these policies even when strict international economic sanctions imposed significant harm to its economy during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth (2016-17), attract foreign investment, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. However, the economic rebound did not prevent sporadic unrest from erupting in December 2017. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed by early November 2018. The reinstatement of U.S. sanctions has driven Iran\u2019s economy into mild recession as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports have decreased significantly, the value of Iran\u2019s currency has declined sharply, and unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But, the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the accord. To that end, in January 2019 the European countries created a trading mechanism (Special Purpose Vehicle) that presumably can increase trade with Iran by circumventing U.S. secondary sanctions. On November 5, 2018, the Administration granted six-month exceptions to eight countries that the Administration asserts significantly reduced oil imports from Iran\u2014including to China and India even though the two countries combined continued to import over 1 million barrels per day of Iranian crude oil in October. The economic difficulties have prompted Iranian hardliners to urge reconsideration of Iran\u2019s continued adherence to the JCPOA.\nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "dae244c94746b77992edf90b62dd21182fdf7987", "filename": "files/20190415_RS20871_dae244c94746b77992edf90b62dd21182fdf7987.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "https://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "e8417958bc3f0dc3999d7d22a255fe818880e003", "filename": "files/20190415_RS20871_e8417958bc3f0dc3999d7d22a255fe818880e003.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.867391", "id": "RS20871_287_2019-03-26", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2019-03-26_RS20871_fc9a3bf2819e3ba86cb415b63dce8a8efcf54c9f.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/287", "sha1": "fc9a3bf2819e3ba86cb415b63dce8a8efcf54c9f" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-03-26_RS20871_fc9a3bf2819e3ba86cb415b63dce8a8efcf54c9f.html" } ], "date": "2019-03-26", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.866766", "id": "RS20871_286_2019-03-25", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2019-03-25_RS20871_b82d3139dc181059bf59ab3b1653a3657538eb57.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/286", "sha1": "b82d3139dc181059bf59ab3b1653a3657538eb57" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-03-25_RS20871_b82d3139dc181059bf59ab3b1653a3657538eb57.html" } ], "date": "2019-03-25", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source_dir": "crsreports.congress.gov", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "retrieved": "2022-03-08T04:03:38.865226", "id": "RS20871_284_2019-02-04", "formats": [ { "filename": "files/2019-02-04_RS20871_1df93250e611b09da9f23d321b555832bbbd38bb.pdf", "format": "PDF", "url": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RS/RS20871/284", "sha1": "1df93250e611b09da9f23d321b555832bbbd38bb" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/2019-02-04_RS20871_1df93250e611b09da9f23d321b555832bbbd38bb.html" } ], "date": "2019-02-04", "summary": null, "source": "CRSReports.Congress.gov", "typeId": "RS", "active": true, "sourceLink": "https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=RS20871", "type": "CRS Report" }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 589442, "date": "2019-01-04", "retrieved": "2019-01-08T18:10:40.551067", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "U.S. sanctions have been used extensively by successive Administrations to try to achieve change in Iran\u2019s behavior. Sanctions had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the U.S. Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances have sparked sporadic unrest since December 2017. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed after a maximum \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (ending November 4, 2018). With that time period expired, all U.S. sanctions, including those on energy or banking transactions with Iran, went back into effect on November 5, 2018. \nThe reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports are decreasing and difficulties paying Iran for oil with hard currency are evident. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has sharply declined and economic-based unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But it remains uncertain how extensively Iran\u2019s economy will be damaged, because the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the JCPOA. And, on November 5, 2018, the Administration granted exceptions to eight countries that the Administration asserts significantly reduced oil imports from Iran. Exceptions were provided to China and India even though the two countries combined continued to import over 1 million barrels per day of Iranian crude oil in October, thwarting the Administration\u2019s goal of reducing Iranian oil exports \u201cas close to zero as possible.\u201d \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "df3116fe001195a7b38e33a65447fe8dad47e6fa", "filename": "files/20190104_RS20871_df3116fe001195a7b38e33a65447fe8dad47e6fa.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "d82d9905d6de8447bc447909e86108af4c6af30f", "filename": "files/20190104_RS20871_d82d9905d6de8447bc447909e86108af4c6af30f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 587995, "date": "2018-11-28", "retrieved": "2018-12-04T14:10:53.143431", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "U.S. sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the U.S. Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed after a maximum \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (ending November 4, 2018). With that time period expired, all U.S. sanctions, including those on energy or banking transactions with Iran, are back into effect as of November 5, 2018. \nThe reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports are decreasing and difficulties paying Iran for oil with hard currency are evident. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has sharply declined and economic-based unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But it remains uncertain how extensively Iran\u2019s economy will be damaged, because the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the JCPOA. And, on November 5, the Administration granted exceptions to eight countries that the Administration asserts significantly reduced oil imports from Iran. Exceptions were provided to China and India even though the two countries combined continued to import over 1 million barrels per day of Iranian crude oil in October, thwarting the Administration\u2019s goal of reducing Iranian oil exports \u201cas close to zero as possible.\u201d \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "e041dcb7677a24b81ec1f22cbfdd9bfda187a415", "filename": "files/20181128_RS20871_e041dcb7677a24b81ec1f22cbfdd9bfda187a415.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "7978ad9fc62ef21c054812a11de5de6c4210a1f1", "filename": "files/20181128_RS20871_7978ad9fc62ef21c054812a11de5de6c4210a1f1.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 587384, "date": "2018-11-06", "retrieved": "2018-11-10T16:05:32.941139", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "U.S. sanctions have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the U.S. Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions would be reimposed after a maximum \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (ending November 4, 2018). With that time period expired, all U.S. sanctions, including those on energy or banking transactions with Iran, are back into effect as of November 5, 2018. \nThe reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports are decreasing and difficulties paying Iran for oil with hard currency are evident. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has sharply declined and economic-based unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But it remains uncertain how extensively Iran\u2019s economy will be damaged, because the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the JCPOA. And, on November 5, the Administration granted exceptions to eight countries that the Administration asserts significantly reduced oil imports from Iran. Exceptions were provided to China and India even though the two countries combined continued to import over 1 million barrels per day of Iranian crude oil in October, thwarting the Administration\u2019s goal of reducing Iranian oil exports \u201cas close to zero as possible.\u201d \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "22ebe6742994ae63939c3e9023f01a55ff604356", "filename": "files/20181106_RS20871_22ebe6742994ae63939c3e9023f01a55ff604356.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "7476783cbab4f6aeb918da955d349261ef8ae73a", "filename": "files/20181106_RS20871_7476783cbab4f6aeb918da955d349261ef8ae73a.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 586976, "date": "2018-10-29", "retrieved": "2018-10-31T14:17:49.520756", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "U.S. sanctions policy have had a substantial effect on Iran\u2019s economy and on some major strategic decisions, but little or no effect on Iran\u2019s regional malign activities. During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions as the U.S. Administration waived relevant sanctions, revoked relevant executive orders (E.O.s), and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions suspended to implement the JCPOA would be reimposed after a \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (ending November 4, 2018). Some of the sanctions, but not on energy or banking transactions, went back into effect after a 90-day wind-down period (August 6). The Administration has indicated it will not support requests by foreign governments or companies for exemptions to these sanctions. U.S. licenses for the sale by Airbus and Boeing of commercial aircraft to Iran Air and other Iranian airlines have been revoked, causing cancellations of sales. The reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy as major companies exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports are decreasing and difficulties paying Iran for oil with hard currency are evident. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has sharply declined and economic-based unrest has continued, although not to the point where the regime is threatened. But it remains uncertain whether Iran\u2019s economy will be damaged to the extent it was during 2012-2015, because the European Union and other countries are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran in order to persuade Iran to remain in the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "562b62dbafa5f07c5c9c5ba1ef21a5b183080232", "filename": "files/20181029_RS20871_562b62dbafa5f07c5c9c5ba1ef21a5b183080232.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "da6d024f60eaaf49fa948f1e5a8e62e271217725", "filename": "files/20181029_RS20871_da6d024f60eaaf49fa948f1e5a8e62e271217725.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 585671, "date": "2018-09-26", "retrieved": "2018-09-27T13:15:59.742424", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "During 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran was unable to repatriate more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. The 2015 multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from the international and U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran) that were driving Iran\u2019s economy into significant recession. Upon the January 16, 2016, implementation of the JCPOA, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. secondary sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nJCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly pre-sanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions suspended to implement the JCPOA would be reimposed after a \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (ending November 4, 2018). Some of the sanctions, but not on energy or banking transactions, went back into effect after a 90-day wind-down period (August 6). The Administration has indicated it will not support requests by foreign governments or companies for exemptions to allow them to avoid penalties for continuing to do business with Iran after that time. U.S. licenses for the sale by Airbus and Boeing of commercial aircraft to Iran Air and other Iranian airlines have been revoked, causing cancellations of sales. \nThe reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy because numerous major companies have announced decisions to exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. Iran\u2019s oil exports are decreasing and difficulties paying Iran for oil with hard currency are evident. The value of Iran\u2019s currency has sharply declined and economic-based unrest has flared since early 2018, although not nearly to the point where the regime\u2019s grip on power is threatened. But it remains uncertain whether Iran\u2019s economy will be damaged to the extent it was during 2012-2015, because the European Union and other countries\u2014which opposed the U.S. exit from the JCPOA\u2014are trying to keep the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran. If Europe and other major trading partners are unsuccessful in reducing the effects of the reimposed U.S. sanctions, there is substantial potential for Iranian leaders to decide to cease participating in the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "eeb8f09e23a6e5f0425397ae7c558dc4d50ced0a", "filename": "files/20180926_RS20871_eeb8f09e23a6e5f0425397ae7c558dc4d50ced0a.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "84ef1e27d63845c004d31bb53c07a2640152aa98", "filename": "files/20180926_RS20871_84ef1e27d63845c004d31bb53c07a2640152aa98.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 583632, "date": "2018-08-07", "retrieved": "2018-08-09T13:38:24.213896", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from U.N. and multilateral sanctions, as well as U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran) on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. Upon the January 16, 2016, implementation of the JCPOA, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. secondary sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions suspended to implement the JCPOA would be reimposed after a maximum \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (November 4, 2018). Some of the sanctions, but not on energy or banking transactions, went back into effect after a 90 day wind down period (August 6). The Administration has indicated it will not look favorably on requests by foreign governments or companies for exemptions to allow them to avoid penalties for continuing to do business with Iran after that time. U.S. licenses for the sale by Airbus and Boeing of commercial aircraft to Iran Air and other Iranian airlines have been revoked, causing cancellations of sales. \nIt remains uncertain whether reimposed U.S. sanctions based on the U.S. unilateral exit from the JCPOA will damage Iran\u2019s economy to the extent sanctions did during 2012-2015, when the global community was relatively united in pressuring Iran. During that timeframe, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran could not repatriate more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. JCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly presanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nEven though the U.S. exit from the JCPOA was supported by only a few countries in the region, the reimposition of U.S. sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy because numerous major companies have announced decisions to exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. As an indicator of the effects, the value of Iran\u2019s currency sharply declined in June 2018, and economic-based unrest has continued, although not nearly to the point where the regime\u2019s grip on power is threatened. If the European Union and other countries are unwilling or unable to keep at least the bulk of the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran, there is substantial potential for Iranian leaders to decide to cease participating in the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit, by Paul K. Kerr and Kenneth Katzman; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "29323c7697e91a1779333b949b2d8620d537ccee", "filename": "files/20180807_RS20871_29323c7697e91a1779333b949b2d8620d537ccee.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "b81580836052002ffbe12546149c45b938db7fff", "filename": "files/20180807_RS20871_b81580836052002ffbe12546149c45b938db7fff.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 582527, "date": "2018-06-29", "retrieved": "2018-07-03T13:08:57.998305", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from U.N. and multilateral sanctions, as well as U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran) on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. Upon the January 16, 2016, implementation of the JCPOA, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran and U.S. secondary sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s support for regional governments and armed factions, its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions suspended to implement the JCPOA would be reimposed after a maximum \u201cwind-down period\u201d of 180 days (November 4, 2018). The Administration has indicated it will not look favorably on requests by foreign governments or companies for exemptions to allow them to avoid penalties for continuing to do business with Iran after that time. U.S. licenses for the sale by Airbus and Boeing of commercial aircraft to Iran Air and other Iranian airlines are being revoked. \nIt remains uncertain whether reimposed U.S. sanctions based on the U.S. unilateral exit from the JCPOA will damage Iran\u2019s economy to the extent sanctions did during 2012-2015, when the global community was aligned in pressuring Iran. During that timeframe, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and Iran could not repatriate more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. JCPOA sanctions relief enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly presanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The sanctions relief contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic grievances still sparked protests in December 2017-January 2018. \nThe announcement of the reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions has begun to harm Iran\u2019s economy because numerous major companies have announced decisions to exit the Iranian economy rather than risk being penalized by the United States. As an indicator of the effects, the value of Iran\u2019s currency sharply declined in June 2018, and some economic-based unrest flared in concert. If the European Union and other countries are unwilling or unable to keep at least the bulk of the economic benefits of the JCPOA flowing to Iran, there is substantial potential for Iranian leaders to decide to cease participating in the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "b1f9aba26353038a66114eb2ced9d20c47d29429", "filename": "files/20180629_RS20871_b1f9aba26353038a66114eb2ced9d20c47d29429.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "58278a0b1746567ef7e7f128086fe764f9145b21", "filename": "files/20180629_RS20871_58278a0b1746567ef7e7f128086fe764f9145b21.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 581042, "date": "2018-05-11", "retrieved": "2018-05-15T13:00:58.795532", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provided Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors, including U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran). On January 16, 2016, upon International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated JCPOA nuclear commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Remaining in place were a general ban on U.S. trade with Iran; and U.S. secondary sanctions imposed on Iran\u2019s regional \u201cmalign activities,\u201d its human rights abuses, its efforts to acquire missile and advanced conventional weapons capabilities, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nOn May 8, 2018, President Trump announced that the United States would no longer participate in the JCPOA and that all U.S. secondary sanctions suspended to implement the JCPOA would be reimposed. There is to be an allowed \u201cwind-down period\u201d of a maximum of 180 days (November 4, 2018), at which time foreign entities that violate the applicable U.S. laws might be penalized. U.S. licenses for the sale by Airbus and Boeing of commercial aircraft to Iran Air and other Iranian airlines are being revoked. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. However, Iran has continued to support regional armed factions and to develop ballistic missiles despite the U.N. restrictions, and did so even when strict international economic sanctions were in place during 2010-2015. \nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions will likely harm Iran\u2019s economy, but the degree to which it does so will depend on the extent to which foreign governments and companies cooperate with the reimposed sanctions. During 2012-2015, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad were restricted. JCPOA sanctions relief has enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly presanctions levels, regain access to foreign exchange reserve funds and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% yearly economic growth, attract foreign investments in key sectors, and buy new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic inequities and grievances constituted a key component of the widespread unrest in December 2017-January 2018. Should the reimposition of U.S. sanctions harm Iran\u2019s economy significantly, there is substantial potential for Iranian leaders to decide to cease participating in the JCPOA. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "31a576ce7d6f5ee00c2f51b780d5f6190f041308", "filename": "files/20180511_RS20871_31a576ce7d6f5ee00c2f51b780d5f6190f041308.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "3e8862a210ea5e773e7bcd671e447d2a662ff6d3", "filename": "files/20180511_RS20871_3e8862a210ea5e773e7bcd671e447d2a662ff6d3.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 580349, "date": "2018-04-18", "retrieved": "2018-04-24T13:09:26.194328", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors, including U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran). On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. \nIran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Remaining in place are relatively less effective sanctions, not targeting Iran\u2019s core economic sectors, including a general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran; U.S. sanctions imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs; and sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nAs part of an asserted shift to broadly counter Iran, the Trump Administration has threatened to cease implementing the JCPOA unless Congress and U.S. allies successfully address the agreement\u2019s weaknesses. The Administration has, to date, continued to implement the agreement by exercising waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA, while continuing to impose sanctions on missile- and IRGC-related entities and on Iranian human rights violators. However, the President said on January 12, 2018, that he would not renew any more waivers, the next one being due on May 12, 2018, unless his conditions for \u201cfixing\u201d the JCPOA are met. Because the President has also not certified Iranian compliance with the JCPOA under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), Congress might separately act to reimpose Iran sanctions. \nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions could harm Iran\u2019s economy depending on the degree to which foreign governments and companies cooperate with the sanctions reimposition. During 2012-2015, Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% per year, crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) to about 1.1 mbd, and more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad were inaccessible. JCPOA sanctions relief has enabled Iran to increase its oil exports to nearly presanctions levels, regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, achieve about 7% overall economic growth in each of 2016 and 2017, attract new foreign investments in the energy sector, and buy new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors contributed to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani\u2019s reelection in the May 19, 2017, vote. Yet, perceived economic inequities and grievances constituted a key component of the widespread unrest in December 2017-January 2018. And, there are some indications that Iran\u2019s economy is being adversely affected by uncertainty about whether all U.S. sanctions will be reimposed by the Trump Administration. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "47e99b7d946ad6a4d401cb93d6f52f5fb9bb783c", "filename": "files/20180418_RS20871_47e99b7d946ad6a4d401cb93d6f52f5fb9bb783c.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "255ef8a0092a74c0d144da6ca4b859a8eabf2f7e", "filename": "files/20180418_RS20871_255ef8a0092a74c0d144da6ca4b859a8eabf2f7e.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 578606, "date": "2018-02-21", "retrieved": "2018-02-23T14:08:14.609437", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors, including U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran). On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Also remaining in place is a general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, and U.S. sanctions imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA, P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has threatened to cease implementing the JCPOA unless Congress and U.S. allies successfully address the agreement\u2019s weaknesses. Thus far, including on January 12, 2018, the Administration has continued to implement the agreement by exercising waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA, while continuing to impose sanctions on missile- and IRGC-related entities and on Iranian human rights violators. However, the President said on January 12, 2018, that he would not renew any more waivers, the next one being due on May 12, unless his conditions for fixing the JCPOA are met. Because the President has also not certified Iranian compliance with the JCPOA under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), Congress might act to reimpose Iran sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly presanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth in 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. Yet, perceived economic inequities and grievances constituted a key component of the widespread unrest in December 2017-January 2018. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "c415389889e4b7246986be360cca3d38f7887f42", "filename": "files/20180221_RS20871_c415389889e4b7246986be360cca3d38f7887f42.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "b1b32067f6150c8fdba71a306851ae42d30d77f1", "filename": "files/20180221_RS20871_b1b32067f6150c8fdba71a306851ae42d30d77f1.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577660, "date": "2018-01-17", "retrieved": "2018-01-18T14:09:04.617883", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors, including U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran). On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Also remaining in place is a general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, and U.S. sanctions imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has threatened to cease implementing the JCPOA unless Congress and U.S. allies successfully address the agreement\u2019s weaknesses. Thus far, including on January 12, 2018, the Administration has continued to implement the agreement by exercising waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA, while continuing to impose sanctions on missile- and IRGC-related entities and on Iranian human rights violators. However, the President said on January 12, 2018, that he would not renew any more waivers, the next one being due on May 12, unless his conditions for fixing the JCPOA are met. Because the President has also not certified Iranian compliance with the JCPOA under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17), Congress might act to reimpose Iran sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly presanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth in 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election, but did not satisfy significant economic grievances in Iran that sparked widespread unrest in December 2017-January 2018. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "9a92a406b0e21c42a10b895d37fe8ebdeb1d62ed", "filename": "files/20180117_RS20871_9a92a406b0e21c42a10b895d37fe8ebdeb1d62ed.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "a4b2f8f60124fd12cc240004e1aca2bae82f84a1", "filename": "files/20180117_RS20871_a4b2f8f60124fd12cc240004e1aca2bae82f84a1.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 577573, "date": "2018-01-10", "retrieved": "2018-01-16T23:11:20.952824", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors, including U.S. secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms that do business with Iran). On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted. \nUnder U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, nonbinding U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and a binding ban on its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Also remaining in place is a general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, and U.S. sanctions imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, as articulated by President Donald Trump on October 13, 2017, the Trump Administration has threatened to cease implementing the JCPOA unless Congress and U.S. allies successfully address the agreement\u2019s weaknesses. Thus far, the Administration has continued to implement the agreement by exercising waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA, while continuing to impose sanctions on missile- and IRGC-related entities and on Iranian human rights violators. Were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA outright, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or act under the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17) to allow Congress to decide whether to reimpose sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly presanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth in 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election, but did not satisfy significant economic grievances in Iran that sparked widespread unrest in December 2017-January 2018. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "8b81bbb4d18ae4090588515740ee57fce38481ee", "filename": "files/20180110_RS20871_8b81bbb4d18ae4090588515740ee57fce38481ee.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "2be333d57929875129014ab2848da4bb1ae963d9", "filename": "files/20180110_RS20871_2be333d57929875129014ab2848da4bb1ae963d9.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 575834, "date": "2017-11-21", "retrieved": "2017-11-28T14:33:38.290017", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place have been those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. \nA general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs\u2014a shift articulated by President Donald Trump on October 13, 2017\u2014the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-related entities. The Administration also has threatened to cease implementing the JCPOA unless Congress and U.S. allies successfully address the agreement\u2019s weaknesses. For now, the Administration is continuing to implement the agreement, including exercising waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA. Were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or trigger a provision of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17) under which Congress might act on legislation to reimpose sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly pre-sanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth expected for all of 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors also helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "f3c6f12b176c39021f6ecc5a1eb7263580be1cdb", "filename": "files/20171121_RS20871_f3c6f12b176c39021f6ecc5a1eb7263580be1cdb.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "17a9984e6646e1ebb3028c603adcfcff03a0c49f", "filename": "files/20171121_RS20871_17a9984e6646e1ebb3028c603adcfcff03a0c49f.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 574206, "date": "2017-10-13", "retrieved": "2017-10-24T13:19:48.468303", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place have been those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-related entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA and the Administration has continued to implement the agreement, including renewing waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA. Were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or trigger a provision of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17) under which Congress might act on legislation to reimpose sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly pre-sanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth expected for all of 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors also helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "4168fbdea9a32586408e38d665e0c77f1f68aa75", "filename": "files/20171013_RS20871_4168fbdea9a32586408e38d665e0c77f1f68aa75.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "ba925a16a80a82ca8abf2a89a43d682910c85eb1", "filename": "files/20171013_RS20871_ba925a16a80a82ca8abf2a89a43d682910c85eb1.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 573669, "date": "2017-09-15", "retrieved": "2017-10-04T13:55:36.527680", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant executive orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place have been those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44), which also increases sanctions on Russia and North Korea. A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. \nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-related entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA and the Administration has continued to implement the agreement, including renewing waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA. Were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or trigger a provision of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act (P.L. 114-17) under which Congress might act on legislation to reimpose sanctions.\nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly presanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016, with similar growth expected for all of 2017. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. The relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors also helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "6936df1a70260cc1d67f1e83affa6797c49be1a9", "filename": "files/20170915_RS20871_6936df1a70260cc1d67f1e83affa6797c49be1a9.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "565f4c31e1cf39f1ec6847b0c5e55a9b21ae4381", "filename": "files/20170915_RS20871_565f4c31e1cf39f1ec6847b0c5e55a9b21ae4381.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 463094, "date": "2017-08-04", "retrieved": "2017-08-22T13:36:09.039037", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA) provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place have been those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs, as well as sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and designated commanders, subunits, and affiliates. Some additional sanctions on these entities and activities were made mandatory by the Countering America\u2019s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (P.L. 115-44). A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Still, the relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors has returned Iran\u2019s economy to growth and enabled Iran to potentially further expand its weapons programs and increase its regional influence.\nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-related entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA and the Administration has continued to implement the agreement, including renewing waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA. Were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or sign new sanctions legislation or issue Executive Orders that breach the JCPOA. Some Iran sanctions legislation has advanced in the 115th Congress, such as S. 722, which was amended in the Senate to include sanctions on Russia and is expected to be further amended to also include sanctions on North Korea. \nThe reimposition of U.S. secondary sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Sanctions relief has enabled Iran\u2019s oil exports to return to nearly presanctions levels, allowed Iran to regain access to funds held abroad and reintegrate into the international financial system, and helped Iran achieve about 7% overall economic growth in 2016. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector and major aircraft manufacturers have sold Iran\u2019s commercial airlines new passenger aircraft. Nuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President Hassan Rouhani politically, contributing to his victory over a strong hardliner rival in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "9100ba9e4fd01596c9bcab2aa107efa886b6eebc", "filename": "files/20170804_RS20871_9100ba9e4fd01596c9bcab2aa107efa886b6eebc.html", "images": {} }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "5f9be00dbbd0a0102e79e1479bc413c8e889f4bb", "filename": "files/20170804_RS20871_5f9be00dbbd0a0102e79e1479bc413c8e889f4bb.pdf", "images": {} } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 461832, "date": "2017-06-07", "retrieved": "2017-06-16T16:04:07.968500", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "A multilateral nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Also remaining in place are U.S. and most EU sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), its sanctioned sub-units, commanders, and affiliates. A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian regional groups and governments even when strict sanctions were in place. Still, the relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors has returned Iran\u2019s economy to growth and enabled Iran to potentially expand its weapons programs and increase its regional influence.\nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-Qods Force entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA and the Administration has continued to implement the agreement, including renewing waivers of sanctions laws suspended in accordance with the JCPOA. However, the Administration has announced an Iran policy review and, were the Administration to decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers, decline to renew waivers, or sign new sanctions legislation or issue Executive Orders that breach the JCPOA. Some Iran sanctions legislation has advanced in the 115th Congress, such as S. 722. \nThe reimposition of many or all U.S. sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. Iran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved about 7% growth in 2016. Sanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, and sanctions relief has enabled the exports to recover to nearly pre-sanctions levels. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad, and sanctions relief has enabled Iran to regain access to those funds and Iran\u2019s banks to reintegrate into the international financial system. Foreign energy firms have begun making new investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector. Nuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani politically and he was able to defeat a strong hardliner rival in the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "522e4d34e9cf954193c85848f50b0e413c4909eb", "filename": "files/20170607_RS20871_522e4d34e9cf954193c85848f50b0e413c4909eb.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "311a5b666ea003d46c3db0a6e3af4463a1d63563", "filename": "files/20170607_RS20871_311a5b666ea003d46c3db0a6e3af4463a1d63563.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460470, "date": "2017-04-14", "retrieved": "2017-04-21T14:57:00.973656", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Also remaining in place are U.S. and most EU sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), its sanctioned sub-units, commanders, and affiliates. A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect. Still, the relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors has returned Iran\u2019s economy to growth and enabled Iran to potentially expand its weapons programs and increase its regional influence.\nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-Qods Force entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. Some Iran sanctions legislation has been introduced in the 115th Congress, some of which was modeled on legislation in the 114th Congress. The Administration has not stated a position on the legislation. If the Administration were to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers\u2014or decline to renew waivers\u2014of existing legislation, enact new legislation, or reissue Executive Orders that were revoked. \nThe reimposition of many or all U.S. sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. \nSanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. Sanctions relief has enabled the exports to recover to nearly presanctions levels. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Iran has regained access to those funds and Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system. Foreign energy firms have begun making additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector.\nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved about 7% growth in 2016. \nNuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani, politically, but the slow pace of economic reintegration has emboldened his critics in the run-up to the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "a80973c20a4e9f8a1e0f956ae78807bdb7f8f210", "filename": "files/20170414_RS20871_a80973c20a4e9f8a1e0f956ae78807bdb7f8f210.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "a98fc59338bebac97d7a689a72f4fd275d798b31", "filename": "files/20170414_RS20871_a98fc59338bebac97d7a689a72f4fd275d798b31.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 460194, "date": "2017-03-31", "retrieved": "2017-04-04T20:02:02.519565", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s civilian economic sectors. On January 16, 2016, upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments, U.S. Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect, relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked, and corresponding U.N. and EU sanctions were lifted (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Also remaining in place are U.S. and most EU sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), its sanctioned sub-units, commanders, and affiliates. A general ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remains in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but some U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect. Still, the relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors has returned Iran\u2019s economy to growth and enabled Iran to potentially expand its weapons programs and increase its regional influence.\nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-Qods Force entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. Some Iran sanctions legislation has been introduced in the 115th Congress, some of which was modeled on legislation in the 114th Congress. The Administration has not stated a position on the legislation. If the Administration were to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers\u2014or decline to renew waivers\u2014of existing legislation, enact new legislation, or reissue Executive Orders that were revoked. \nThe reimposition of many or all U.S. sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. \nSanctions caused Iran\u2019s crude oil exports to fall from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. Sanctions relief has enabled the exports to recover to nearly presanctions levels. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Iran has regained access to those funds and Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system. Foreign energy firms have begun making additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector.\nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved about 7% growth in 2016. \nNuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani, politically, but the slow pace of economic reintegration has emboldened his critics in the run-up to the May 19, 2017, presidential election. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "e81de4cd46ca98b15a36d7a7256376f23bcd31fd", "filename": "files/20170331_RS20871_e81de4cd46ca98b15a36d7a7256376f23bcd31fd.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "afdf0b87ea4b9aee583b7ad4bb04d241ab5784eb", "filename": "files/20170331_RS20871_afdf0b87ea4b9aee583b7ad4bb04d241ab5784eb.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458818, "date": "2017-02-07", "retrieved": "2017-02-10T18:21:48.656402", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs\u2014including all sanctions on the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and its regional arm, the Qods Force (IRGC-QF). Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect. Still, the relief from sanctions on Iran\u2019s most vital sectors, including energy and banking, has given Iran the option of using its additional revenues to expand its strategic capabilities and its regional influence.\nAs part of a shift to assertively counter Iran\u2019s regional activities and strategic weapons programs, in February 2017 the Trump Administration has designated for sanctions additional missile and IRGC-QF entities. The Administration asserts its steps do not conflict with U.S. commitments under the JCPOA. The Administration has not stated a position on any new Iran sanctions legislation. Some Iran sanctions legislation has been introduced in the 115th Congress, mostly modeled on legislation that achieved varying stages of consideration in the 114th Congress. If the new Administration decides to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, it could revoke waivers of existing legislation, enact new legislation, or reissue Executive Orders that were revoked. \nThe re-imposition of many or all U.S. sanctions would undoubtedly harm Iran\u2019s economy. \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. Sanctions relief enabled the exports to recover to nearly pre-sanctions levels in 2016. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Iran has regained access to those funds; Iran can be paid for new oil sales in hard currency; and Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system. In 2016, foreign energy firms began to make additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector.\nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved over 4% growth in 2016. \nNuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani, politically, but the slow pace of economic re-integration has emboldened his critics. \nSee also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "526ab8491305533cd307a18e0ae68726626f9873", "filename": "files/20170207_RS20871_526ab8491305533cd307a18e0ae68726626f9873.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "9d298a5af64720fa9bdf9d1146ccf6a4f4224be4", "filename": "files/20170207_RS20871_9d298a5af64720fa9bdf9d1146ccf6a4f4224be4.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 458668, "date": "2017-01-31", "retrieved": "2017-02-03T19:09:20.626395", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect.\nDuring 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, but in 2016 have recovered to nearly pre-sanctions levels. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Iran has access to those funds and can be paid for new oil sales in hard currency. Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system. In 2016, foreign energy firms began to make additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector.\nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved over 4% growth in 2016. \nNuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani, politically, but the slow pace of economic re-integration has emboldened his critics. Sanctions relief also has given Iran the option of using its additional revenues to expand its regional influence. \nSome legislation in the 114th Congress, such as that which seeks to sanction certain Iranian regional behavior and institutions and which extended the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), was not inconsistent with the JCPOA. Other legislation, such as that to prevent finalization of a major U.S. sale of passenger aircraft to Iran Air or to sanction sectors of Iran\u2019s economy that support its ballistic missile program, appeared to be inconsistent with the agreement. Some of these bills, or versions of them, have been introduced in the 115th Congress. The Trump Administration has not stated a specific policy on the JCPOA or on legislation that might conflict with U.S. commitments in the JCPOA. Should the new Administration decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, options could include revoking waivers of existing legislation, enactment of new legislation, or reissuance of Executive Orders that were revoked. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "6986df0cde895753dcd40e768db05db65c8a76d5", "filename": "files/20170131_RS20871_6986df0cde895753dcd40e768db05db65c8a76d5.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "ddc53f0ae570fb9ce3290b61d2b2fd3de6f08448", "filename": "files/20170131_RS20871_ddc53f0ae570fb9ce3290b61d2b2fd3de6f08448.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457623, "date": "2016-12-14", "retrieved": "2016-12-22T16:31:09.395422", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect.\nDuring 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013, but in 2016 have recovered to nearly pre-sanctions levels. Sanctions also made inaccessible more than $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. Iran has access to those funds and can be paid for new oil sales in hard currency. Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system. In 2016, foreign energy firms began to make additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector.\nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement. Iran achieved about 4% growth in 2016. \nNuclear negotiations and sanctions relief helped Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani, politically, but the slow recovery in 2016 has emboldened his critics. Sanctions relief also has given Iran the option of using its additional revenues to expand its regional influence. \nSome legislation in the 114th Congress, such as that which seeks to sanction certain Iranian regional behavior and institutions, as the extension of the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) are not inconsistent with the JCPOA. Other legislation, such as that to prevent finalization of a major U.S. sale of passenger aircraft to Iran Air, would appear to be inconsistent with the JCPOA. Amid conflicting statements during the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, the position of the incoming Trump Administration on the JCPOA and on legislation that might conflict with U.S. commitments in the JCPOA, are unclear. Should the new Administration decide to end U.S. participation in the JCPOA, options could include revoking waivers of existing legislation, enactment of new legislation, or reissuance of Executive Orders that were revoked. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "0478de395793d2ee03c1e8f27192e45e7144c21b", "filename": "files/20161214_RS20871_0478de395793d2ee03c1e8f27192e45e7144c21b.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "8153227c38c28cd86202c1bffe9d72f2dca2bd09", "filename": "files/20161214_RS20871_8153227c38c28cd86202c1bffe9d72f2dca2bd09.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 457052, "date": "2016-11-16", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:07:09.875319", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 (July 2015, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect.\nDuring 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. Growth of about 4% is expected for 2016 largely because of the sanctions relief. \nSanctions and sanctions relief have contributed to the electoral success of Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani. \nSanctions relief gives Iran the option of resurrecting its civilian economy as well as expanding its regional influence. Iran is able to freely export crude oil and to be paid directly for it and for other goods with hard currency. Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system and Iran has full access to its hard currency reserves held abroad. Some foreign energy firms have begun to make additional investments in Iran\u2019s energy sector since sanctions on that activity were lifted. The JCPOA contains no restrictions on how Iran can utilize its funds. \nSome pending legislation in the 114th Congress, such as that which seeks to sanction certain Iranian regional behavior and institutions, as well as to extend the Iran Sanctions Act, might not be inconsistent with the JCPOA. Other legislation, such as that to prevent finalization of a major U.S. sale of passenger aircraft to Iran Air, would appear to be inconsistent with the JCPOA. Amid conflicting statements during the 2016 U.S. presidential election campaign, the position of the incoming Trump Administration on the JCPOA and on legislation that might conflict with U.S. commitments in the JCPOA, are unclear. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; and CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "39c3e77dabaebfcb9ffe64723296ffc8ca203e47", "filename": "files/20161116_RS20871_39c3e77dabaebfcb9ffe64723296ffc8ca203e47.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "f7a207c1ac73e06361bbbcf7cf5c780bd8a76938", "filename": "files/20161116_RS20871_f7a207c1ac73e06361bbbcf7cf5c780bd8a76938.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456268, "date": "2016-09-21", "retrieved": "2016-10-17T19:25:42.345748", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies, including regulations barring transactions between U.S. and Iranian banks, remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 (July 2015, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for several years. \nDuring 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. Growth of about 4% is expected for 2016 largely because of the sanctions relief. \nSanctions and sanctions relief have contributed to the electoral success of Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani. \nSanctions relief gives Iran the option of resurrecting its civilian economy as well as expanding its regional influence. Iran is able to freely export crude oil and to be paid directly for it and for other goods with hard currency. Iran\u2019s banks are being reintegrated into the international financial system and Iran has full access to its hard currency reserves held abroad. The JCPOA contains no restrictions on how Iran can utilize its funds. Iran\u2019s ability to procure equipment for its nuclear and missile programs and to import advanced conventional weaponry remains constricted by sanctions, but Iran has been able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect. \nSome in Congress have proposed legislation to sanction Iran\u2019s continued missile development and Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which supports pro-Iranian movements and governments as well as helps secure the regime, as well as to extend the Iran Sanctions Act, which expires on December 31, 2016. Other legislation seeks to prevent finalization of a major U.S. sale of passenger aircraft to Iran Air. However, some sanctions legislation that might affect Iran\u2019s behavior might also be inconsistent with the JCPOA. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack; and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "98aba0e03286325d216060a4d746166591ff9c12", "filename": "files/20160921_RS20871_98aba0e03286325d216060a4d746166591ff9c12.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "6e14a5bc127f45f94b7195e3a1d06cdf8ffd40de", "filename": "files/20160921_RS20871_6e14a5bc127f45f94b7195e3a1d06cdf8ffd40de.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4758, "name": "Middle East & North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4786, "name": "Europe, Russia, & Eurasia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4911, "name": "East Asia & Pacific" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 454647, "date": "2016-07-27", "retrieved": "2016-09-09T19:06:50.613108", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). Iran is able to freely export crude oil and to access its foreign exchange reserves held in foreign banks\u2014a net amount (gross amount minus what is committed to creditors) of nearly $60 billion. On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws took effect and relevant Executive Orders (E.O.s) were revoked by E.O. 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 of July 20, 2015, most U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for limited periods of time. \nDuring 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. Growth of about 4% is expected for 2016 largely because of the sanctions relief. \nSanctions and sanctions relief have contributed to the electoral success of Iran\u2019s President, Hassan Rouhani. \nSanctions relief likely gives Iran the option of resurrecting its civilian economy as well as expanding its regional influence. The JCPOA contains no formal requirements or restrictions on how Iran spends its national funds. Iran\u2019s ability to procure equipment for its nuclear and missile programs and to import advanced conventional weaponry was and remains constricted by sanctions, but Iran was able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region even when sanctions had maximum effect. \nSome in Congress have proposed legislation to sanction Iran\u2019s continued missile development and Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which supports pro-Iranian movements and governments as well as helps secure the regime, as well as to extend the Iran Sanctions Act, which expires on December 31, 2016. Other legislation seeks to prevent finalization of a major U.S. sale of passenger aircraft to Iran Air. However, sanctions legislation that might affect Iran\u2019s behavior is also likely inconsistent with the JCPOA. See also CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack; and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "a96237be1bd75298259ab19cbb5c12228a16e220", "filename": "files/20160727_RS20871_a96237be1bd75298259ab19cbb5c12228a16e220.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "f91339ae00ea91473eae3f7ff7f349f65a34b484", "filename": "files/20160727_RS20871_f91339ae00ea91473eae3f7ff7f349f65a34b484.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3605, "name": "United Nations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 453487, "date": "2016-06-17", "retrieved": "2016-06-21T20:58:59.258819", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). Iran is now able to freely export crude oil and to access its foreign exchange reserves held in foreign banks - a net amount (gross amount minus what is committed to creditors) of nearly $60 billion. On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws went into effect and relevant Executive Orders were revoked through a new Executive Order 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 of July 20, 2015, U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for limited periods of time. \nThe Administration asserts that Iran will likely use sanctions relief primarily to resurrect its economy rather than try to expand its regional influence. During 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. \nIran\u2019s ability to procure equipment for its nuclear and missile programs and to import advanced conventional weaponry was constricted. However, Iran was still able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region. \nSanctions might have contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Hassan Rouhani, who articulated a priority of obtaining relief from international sanctions and isolation. \nThe economic indicators discussed above have begun to reverse since Implementation Day. The JCPOA contains no formal requirements or restrictions on how Iran should spend its national funds. Some in Congress have proposed legislation to sanction Iran\u2019s continued missile development and Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which supports pro-Iranian movements and governments as well as helps secure the regime, as well as to extend the Iran Sanctions Act, which expires on December 31, 2016. See also: CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack; and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "99319f77cdb7adf081566c69ad76e86cd65db5ea", "filename": "files/20160617_RS20871_99319f77cdb7adf081566c69ad76e86cd65db5ea.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "46f04f8b01562d6ce2d3e8896a629ff7c174ae6a", "filename": "files/20160617_RS20871_46f04f8b01562d6ce2d3e8896a629ff7c174ae6a.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3605, "name": "United Nations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 452676, "date": "2016-05-18", "retrieved": "2016-05-24T19:05:09.073941", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides Iran broad relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). Iran is now able to freely export crude oil and to access its foreign exchange reserves held in foreign banks - a net amount (gross amount minus what is committed to creditors) of nearly $60 billion. On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws went into effect and relevant Executive Orders were revoked through a new Executive Order 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 of July 20, 2015, U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for limited periods of time. \nThe Administration asserts that Iran will likely use sanctions relief primarily to resurrect its economy rather than try to expand its regional influence. During 2010-2013, sanctions significantly harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s decision to accept the JCPOA. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilizing since 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. \nIran\u2019s ability to procure equipment for its nuclear and missile programs and to import advanced conventional weaponry was constricted. However, Iran was still able to develop its nuclear and missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region. \nSanctions might have contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Hassan Rouhani, who articulated a priority of obtaining relief from international sanctions and isolation. \nThe economic indicators discussed above have begun to reverse since Implementation Day. The JCPOA contains no formal requirements or restrictions on how Iran should spend its national funds. Some in Congress have proposed legislation to sanction Iran\u2019s continued missile development and Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which supports pro-Iranian movements and governments as well as helps secure the regime, as well as to extend the Iran Sanctions Act, which expires on December 31, 2016. See also: CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack; and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "8b4a9bf8e0ad56189b33e6c89eac7cae546813b9", "filename": "files/20160518_RS20871_8b4a9bf8e0ad56189b33e6c89eac7cae546813b9.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "fc7944407231a95e560653a5a5332288e58b9f10", "filename": "files/20160518_RS20871_fc7944407231a95e560653a5a5332288e58b9f10.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3605, "name": "United Nations" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 451183, "date": "2016-03-23", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T16:56:00.946884", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Broad international sanctions imposed on Iran during 2010-2013 harmed Iran\u2019s economy and contributed to Iran\u2019s acceptance of agreements that exchange constraints on its nuclear program for sanctions relief. The sanctions and related diplomatic pressure, at least in part, caused or contributed to the following: \nIran\u2019s crude oil exports fell from about 2.5 million barrels per day (mbd) in 2011 to about 1.1 mbd by mid-2013. The effect of that export volume reduction was further compounded by a fall in oil prices since mid-2014. Sanctions also made inaccessible about $120 billion in Iranian reserves held in banks abroad. \nIran\u2019s economy shrank by 9% in the two years that ended in March 2014, before stabilized in 2015 as a result of modest sanctions relief under an interim nuclear agreement that went into effect on January 20, 2014. \nIran\u2019s ability to procure equipment for its nuclear and missile programs and to import advanced conventional weaponry was constricted. However, Iran was still able to develop its missile programs and to assist pro-Iranian movements and governments in the region. \nSanctions might have contributed to the June 2013 election as president of Hassan Rouhani, who articulated a priority of obtaining relief from international sanctions and isolation. \nThe comprehensive nuclear accord (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA), finalized on July 14, 2015, provides broad sanctions relief from U.S., U.N., and multilateral sanctions on Iran\u2019s energy, financial, shipping, automotive, and other sectors. Sanctions were suspended or lifted upon the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) certification on January 16, 2016, that Iran had complied with the stipulated nuclear dismantlement commitments under the agreement (\u201cImplementation Day\u201d). Iran is now able to freely export crude oil and to access its foreign exchange reserves held in foreign banks - a net amount (gross amount minus what is committed to creditors) of nearly $60 billion. On Implementation Day, Administration waivers of relevant sanctions laws went into effect and relevant Executive Orders were revoked through a new Executive Order 13716. \nRemaining in place are those secondary sanctions (sanctions on foreign firms) that have been imposed because of Iran\u2019s support for terrorism, its human rights abuses, its interference in specified countries in the region, and its missile and advanced conventional weapons programs. Most sanctions that apply to U.S. companies remain in place. Under U.N. Security Council Resolution 2231 of July 20, 2015, U.N. sanctions terminated as of Implementation Day, but U.N. restrictions on Iran\u2019s development of nuclear-capable ballistic missiles and its importation or exportation of arms remain in place for limited periods of time. \nThe Administration asserts that Iran will likely use sanctions relief primarily to resurrect its economy rather than try to expand its regional influence. However, the JCPOA contains no formal requirements or restrictions on how Iran should spend its national funds. Some in Congress have proposed legislation to sanction Iran\u2019s continued missile development and Iran\u2019s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), which supports pro-Iranian movements and governments as well as helps secure the regime. See also: CRS Report R43333, Iran Nuclear Agreement, by Kenneth Katzman and Paul K. Kerr; CRS Report R43311, Iran: U.S. Economic Sanctions and the Authority to Lift Restrictions, by Dianne E. Rennack; and CRS Report RL32048, Iran: Politics, Gulf Security, and U.S. Policy, by Kenneth Katzman.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20871", "sha1": "fbbe8c752a86a846d8e3b7b6debcea1e2a9adbee", "filename": "files/20160323_RS20871_fbbe8c752a86a846d8e3b7b6debcea1e2a9adbee.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20871", "sha1": "98c5d47e2e54ac97ea2ee8b1a7ccb6779af6e8c4", "filename": "files/20160323_RS20871_98c5d47e2e54ac97ea2ee8b1a7ccb6779af6e8c4.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 278, "name": "China, Taiwan, and Mongolia" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 282, "name": "Middle East and North Africa" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 283, "name": "Russia and the Caucasus" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3605, "name": "United Nations" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824791/", "id": "RS20871_2016Jan21", "date": "2016-01-21", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran and provides some examples, based on open sources, of companies and countries that conduct business with Iran.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160121_RS20871_d3309b4d0941d41147afbf4ed15a034dfdf1ccc9.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160121_RS20871_d3309b4d0941d41147afbf4ed15a034dfdf1ccc9.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc824670/", "id": "RS20871_2016Jan12", "date": "2016-01-12", "retrieved": "2016-04-04T14:48:17", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran and provides some examples, based on open sources, of companies and countries that conduct business with Iran.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20160112_RS20871_92fd8451a2990952927d8b01db812325fc11c950.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20160112_RS20871_92fd8451a2990952927d8b01db812325fc11c950.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc795854/", "id": "RS20871_2015Nov03", "date": "2015-11-03", "retrieved": "2016-01-13T14:26:20", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran and provides some examples, based on open sources, of companies and countries that conduct business with Iran.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20151103_RS20871_dcfca5deedeafb4ad6651f74de50f7ddd5897685.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20151103_RS20871_dcfca5deedeafb4ad6651f74de50f7ddd5897685.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc743354/", "id": "RS20871_2015Aug04", "date": "2015-08-04", "retrieved": "2015-10-20T21:35:54", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran and provides some examples, based on open sources, of companies and countries that conduct business with Iran. U.S. sanctions have been a major feature of U.S.-Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, but the imposition of U.N. and worldwide bilateral sanctions on Iran that began in 2006 and increased dramatically as of 2010 is recent by comparison.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150804_RS20871_316ba8a826b509f817055fbc3c9483a3bca58b7b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150804_RS20871_316ba8a826b509f817055fbc3c9483a3bca58b7b.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700644/", "id": "RS20871_2015Jun17", "date": "2015-06-17", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. U.S. sanctions have been a major feature of U.S. Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, but U.N. and worldwide bilateral sanctions on Iran are a relatively recent (post-2006) development.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150617_RS20871_c89525ef7bd1415a59d52fbfe57f8eb241424047.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150617_RS20871_c89525ef7bd1415a59d52fbfe57f8eb241424047.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805651/", "id": "RS20871_2015May12", "date": "2015-05-12", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150512_RS20871_93253ff0a83c4b16260914f1162c2a4e794bf748.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150512_RS20871_93253ff0a83c4b16260914f1162c2a4e794bf748.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc505433/", "id": "RS20871_2015Apr21", "date": "2015-04-21", "retrieved": "2015-05-29T05:37:21", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. U.S. sanctions have been a major feature of U.S. Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, but U.N. and worldwide bilateral sanctions on Iran are a relatively recent (post-2006) development.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150421_RS20871_98309b72e70853ea1a5ccd522d5ad94ba4b03961.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150421_RS20871_98309b72e70853ea1a5ccd522d5ad94ba4b03961.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503329/", "id": "RS20871_2015Mar09", "date": "2015-03-09", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. U.S. sanctions have been a major feature of U.S. Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, but U.N. and worldwide bilateral sanctions on Iran are a relatively recent (post-2006) development.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150309_RS20871_548fef6c64550051010b9a7f435c2e7792015974.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150309_RS20871_548fef6c64550051010b9a7f435c2e7792015974.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501941/", "id": "RS20871_2015Jan28", "date": "2015-01-28", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. U.S. sanctions have been a major feature of U.S. Iran policy since Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution, but U.N. and worldwide bilateral sanctions on Iran are a relatively recent (post-2006) development.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150128_RS20871_90a9914c5217cec3b22720edc44c8916f9827d46.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150128_RS20871_90a9914c5217cec3b22720edc44c8916f9827d46.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Nuclear nonproliferation", "name": "Nuclear nonproliferation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491611/", "id": "RS20871_2014Oct23", "date": "2014-10-23", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. 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It ends by discussing future issues that Congress can consider regarding the sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120618_RS20871_64ad7465680ec3cb53895af4ba0f906a2f34037e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120618_RS20871_64ad7465680ec3cb53895af4ba0f906a2f34037e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85482/", "id": "RS20871_2012Apr26", "date": "2012-04-26", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "The objective of sanctions may be on its way to achievement but has not been accomplished to date. U.S. officials believe that these sanctions caused Iran to return to the nuclear bargaining table in April 2012 with greater seriousness and intent toward peaceful resolution. Despite the imposition of what many now consider to be \"crippling\" sanctions, some in Congress believe that economic and diplomatic pressure on Iran needs to increase further and faster. In the 112th Congress, legislation would enhance both the economic sanctions and human rights-related provisions of a previous Iran sanctions laws However, movement on new sanctions might be on hold pending the outcome of a second round of nuclear talks slated for May 23 in Baghdad.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120426_RS20871_4effea7825a6cc0db31dff030ce27bda5d4b48b2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120426_RS20871_4effea7825a6cc0db31dff030ce27bda5d4b48b2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815992/", "id": "RS20871_2012Apr02", "date": "2012-04-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120402_RS20871_81fbd3ce6f36094fbd1bfee96631b4231f7de4b7.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120402_RS20871_81fbd3ce6f36094fbd1bfee96631b4231f7de4b7.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc94178/", "id": "RS20871_2012Jun18", "date": "2012-03-28", "retrieved": "2012-07-24T12:39:36", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report looks at the purposes and results of U.S. sanctions on Iran, which were initiated as a result of Iran's nuclear program and human rights issues. It ends by discussing future issues that Congress can consider regarding the sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120328_RS20871_8d96fea90d49a1f6866a5f0dbd961c4852314983.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120328_RS20871_8d96fea90d49a1f6866a5f0dbd961c4852314983.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc85483/", "id": "RS20871_2012Mar06", "date": "2012-03-06", "retrieved": "2012-06-06T14:34:05", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report focuses on the United States' relationship with Iran and how the Obama Administration is handling prior administration's economic sanctions against Iran. The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue. That approach was not initially altered because of the Iranian dispute over its June 12, 2009, elections. 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The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue. That approach was not initially altered because of the Iranian dispute over its June 12, 2009, elections. 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It also discusses the measures that the United Nations and others have enacted against Iran and the effects of the sanctions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20120126_RS20871_409b020838d672ad9d3c30fa901a5de3b16502f3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20120126_RS20871_409b020838d672ad9d3c30fa901a5de3b16502f3.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84096/", "id": "RS20871_2012Jan06", "date": "2012-01-06", "retrieved": "2012-04-27T15:49:45", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report focuses on the United States' relationship with Iran and how the Obama Administration is handling prior administration's economic sanctions against Iran. The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue. 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However, with subsequent negotiations yielding no firm Iranian agreement to compromise regarding their nuclear program, the Administration has focused on achieving the imposition of additional U.N., U.S., and allied country sanctions whose cumulative effect would be to compel it to accept a nuclear bargain.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110525_RS20871_6792bdf6656aed6e1b3662c98165b2205c7f910e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110525_RS20871_6792bdf6656aed6e1b3662c98165b2205c7f910e.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40246/", "id": "RS20871_2011May2", "date": "2011-05-02", "retrieved": "2011-08-27T10:13:38", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report focuses on the United States' relationship with Iran and how the Obama Administration is handling prior administration's economic sanctions against Iran. 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The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091224_RS20871_a4bb996af2bdbadd00a8973f8bf4146292dffd63.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091224_RS20871_a4bb996af2bdbadd00a8973f8bf4146292dffd63.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc627186/", "id": "RS20871_2009Dec09", "date": "2009-12-09", "retrieved": "2015-06-15T14:46:40", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report focuses on the United States' relationship with Iran and how the Obama Administration is handling prior administration's economic sanctions against Iran. The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091209_RS20871_c21525acf99b7f322f8cff510f088e3d2f5c5d07.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091209_RS20871_c21525acf99b7f322f8cff510f088e3d2f5c5d07.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689117/", "id": "RS20871_2009Oct08", "date": "2009-10-08", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report discusses the increasing international pressure on Iran to curb its nuclear program and how that pressure discourages foreign firms from investing in Iran's energy sector, hindering Iran's efforts to expand oil production. This report discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20091008_RS20871_feedadb19ceb3d6e0b93e222286973447dc6df23.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20091008_RS20871_feedadb19ceb3d6e0b93e222286973447dc6df23.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Antinuclear weapons movements", "name": "Antinuclear weapons movements" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade - Law and legislation", "name": "Trade - Law and legislation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689425/", "id": "RS20871_2009Aug18", "date": "2009-08-18", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "This report focuses on the United States' relationship with Iran and how the Obama Administration is handling prior administrations' economic sanctions against Iran. The Obama Administration's policy approach toward Iran has contrasted with the Bush Administration's by attempting to couple the imposition of sanctions to an active and direct U.S. effort to negotiate with Iran on the nuclear issue.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090818_RS20871_93f5f471a71e26b8f83bf3b513e267873020a257.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090818_RS20871_93f5f471a71e26b8f83bf3b513e267873020a257.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc26308/", "id": "RS20871_2009Jul09", "date": "2009-07-09", "retrieved": "2010-07-07T17:39:19", "title": "Iran Sanctions", "summary": "Iran is subject to a wide range of U.S. sanctions, restricting trade with, investment, and U.S. foreign aid to Iran, and requiring the United States to vote against international lending to Iran. A formal U.S. effort to curb international energy investment in Iran began in 1996 with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA). ISA was first passed at a time of tightening U.S. sanctions on Iran. Most notable was a 1995 ban on U.S. trade with and investment in Iran. That ban has since been modified slightly to allow for some bilateral trade in luxury and humanitarian-related goods. 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This report discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996. This report also discusses U.S. concerns that other nations, e.g., U.S. allies, Russia, and China, are not as strict with their economic sanctions against Iran, and how U.S. policymakers are combating this reticence with various pieces of legislation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090604_RS20871_c6008afe521a750fe3e429e377cd12abd990e650.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090604_RS20871_c6008afe521a750fe3e429e377cd12abd990e650.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Antinuclear weapons movements", "name": "Antinuclear weapons movements" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Economic policy", "name": "Economic policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade - Law and legislation", "name": "Trade - Law and legislation" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Energy", "name": "Energy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum industry", "name": "Petroleum industry" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818586/", "id": "RS20871_2009May01", "date": "2009-05-01", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090501_RS20871_45c17639011ceac645a8dc47847b0273717fd9b2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090501_RS20871_45c17639011ceac645a8dc47847b0273717fd9b2.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700756/", "id": "RS20871_2009Apr14", "date": "2009-04-14", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": "This report discusses the increasing international pressure on Iran to curb its nuclear program and how that pressure discourages foreign firms from investing in Iran's energy sector, hindering Iran's efforts to expand oil production. It also discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090414_RS20871_ef060249a7a361553b64c103e8ef75a65c3ded12.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090414_RS20871_ef060249a7a361553b64c103e8ef75a65c3ded12.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum industry", "name": "Petroleum industry" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700920/", "id": "RS20871_2009May09", "date": "2009-03-09", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": "This report discusses the increasing international pressure on Iran to curb its nuclear program and how that pressure discourages foreign firms from investing in Iran's energy sector, hindering Iran's efforts to expand oil production. It also discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090309_RS20871_2b8dd25417eb4b8045c3928aab2592936968089c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090309_RS20871_2b8dd25417eb4b8045c3928aab2592936968089c.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum industry", "name": "Petroleum industry" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700725/", "id": "RS20871_2009Feb02", "date": "2009-02-02", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": "This report discusses the increasing international pressure on Iran to curb its nuclear program and how that pressure discourages foreign firms from investing in Iran's energy sector, hindering Iran's efforts to expand oil production. It also discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20090202_RS20871_84b603a43b936179e2594346669fc5af361b12d2.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20090202_RS20871_84b603a43b936179e2594346669fc5af361b12d2.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Weapons systems", "name": "Weapons systems" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Iran -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Petroleum industry", "name": "Petroleum industry" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816818/", "id": "RS20871_2008Dec12", "date": "2008-12-12", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20081212_RS20871_01d68e818164e584a9fc102ad221dd986b7deab0.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20081212_RS20871_01d68e818164e584a9fc102ad221dd986b7deab0.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10565/", "id": "RS20871_2008Jul23", "date": "2008-07-23", "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:31:23", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": "No firms have been sanctioned under the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), and a GAO study in December 2007 said that the effects of ISA and other U.S. sanctions on Iran's economy are \"difficult to determine.\" However, with Iran under increasing U.N. and other diplomatic pressure, many foreign firms now seem hesitant to finalize investment deals with Iran. In the 110th Congress, several bills, including the House-passed H.R. 1400 would add ISA provisions.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080723_RS20871_e44a930f8694b79998082c636ae2e97962d48425.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080723_RS20871_e44a930f8694b79998082c636ae2e97962d48425.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc807168/", "id": "RS20871_2008Jun27", "date": "2008-06-27", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080627_RS20871_b3a08a507e627b659ebfe8d0f95b5bde61a6f907.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080627_RS20871_b3a08a507e627b659ebfe8d0f95b5bde61a6f907.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc816342/", "id": "RS20871_2008Jan23", "date": "2008-01-23", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080123_RS20871_8b6489b574a302e165e3948caaa3c44963b81949.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080123_RS20871_8b6489b574a302e165e3948caaa3c44963b81949.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc818255/", "id": "RS20871_2007Nov15", "date": "2007-11-15", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20071115_RS20871_e15baf1dbdb484db22e9c2f13d569bfc52aed3a3.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20071115_RS20871_e15baf1dbdb484db22e9c2f13d569bfc52aed3a3.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815247/", "id": "RS20871_2007Oct12", "date": "2007-10-12", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20071012_RS20871_00d0598e4ff0a5392489acf7cd4822c04e82959c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20071012_RS20871_00d0598e4ff0a5392489acf7cd4822c04e82959c.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc811043/", "id": "RS20871_2007Jul09", "date": "2007-07-09", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070709_RS20871_3b15e9dd275c8d19fb24a39527bf0b82e38e2f8c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070709_RS20871_3b15e9dd275c8d19fb24a39527bf0b82e38e2f8c.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc808971/", "id": "RS20871_2007Jan25", "date": "2007-01-25", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran Sanctions Act (ISA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070125_RS20871_2c6fec39963d75e70cd4e1295b5fca55ebdd0c10.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070125_RS20871_2c6fec39963d75e70cd4e1295b5fca55ebdd0c10.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9948/", "id": "RS20871_2006Oct11", "date": "2006-10-11", "retrieved": "2007-06-12T15:47:51", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": "No firms have been sanctioned under the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), and it has terminated with respect to Libya. In August 2001, the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA, P.L. 104-172) was renewed for another five years (P.L. 107-24). No firms have been sanctioned under ILSA, and ILSA has terminated with respect to Libya. In the 109th Congress, H.R. 282 and S. 333 contain provisions that would modify ILSA. 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No firms have been sanctioned under ILSA, and it has terminated with respect to Libya. Renewed in August 2001 for another five years, ILSA was scheduled to expire in August 2006. This report describes ILSA in detail, as well as related legislation.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060928_RS20871_43f8b37849aef872a492eaef1a94e1debf41d3ff.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060928_RS20871_43f8b37849aef872a492eaef1a94e1debf41d3ff.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (international law)", "name": "Sanctions (international law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819515/", "id": "RS20871_2006Aug08", "date": "2006-08-08", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060808_RS20871_346b69bfafd7b9d697071c39a5d2bd6d7e886477.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060808_RS20871_346b69bfafd7b9d697071c39a5d2bd6d7e886477.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc821801/", "id": "RS20871_2006Jun21", "date": "2006-06-21", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060621_RS20871_58a67b01805925ca6b69b5602e8fa9827835dd7b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060621_RS20871_58a67b01805925ca6b69b5602e8fa9827835dd7b.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs9016/", "id": "RS20871_2006Apr26", "date": "2006-04-26", "retrieved": "2006-07-03T15:12:50", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": "No firms have been sanctioned under the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA), and it\r\nhas terminated with respect to Libya. In August 2001, the Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA, P.L. 104-172) was renewed for another five years (P.L. 107-24). No firms have been sanctioned under ILSA, and ILSA has terminated with respect to Libya. In the 109th Congress, H.R. 282 and S. 333 contain provisions that would modify ILSA. 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No firms have been sanctioned under ILSA, and\r\nILSA has terminated with respect to Libya. In the 109th Congress, H.R. 282 and S. 333 contain provisions that would modify ILSA. This report discusses various issues including the background and passages of the ILSA and its effectiveness.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20050419_RS20871_7924ecd58859ce189b55cc7effaaf149b96ef3d4.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20050419_RS20871_7924ecd58859ce189b55cc7effaaf149b96ef3d4.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5087/", "id": "RS20871 2003-07-31", "date": "2003-07-31", "retrieved": "2005-06-11T22:28:55", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20030731_RS20871_870fe72a16e63a10379edf1d0986ae99f950abe6.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20030731_RS20871_870fe72a16e63a10379edf1d0986ae99f950abe6.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Pakistan - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1840/", "id": "RS20871 2001-07-20", "date": "2001-07-20", "retrieved": "2005-06-11T22:28:34", "title": "The Iran-Libya Sanctions Act (ILSA)", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20010720_RS20871_c26df710267de39b9a2886d5c79cc6b5cd8a1bf8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20010720_RS20871_c26df710267de39b9a2886d5c79cc6b5cd8a1bf8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Iran - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Iran" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Libya - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Libya" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Sanctions (International law)", "name": "Sanctions (International law)" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Trade", "name": "Trade" } ] } ], "topics": [ "Economic Policy", "Foreign Affairs", "Industry and Trade", "Intelligence and National Security", "Middle Eastern Affairs", "National Defense" ] }