{ "id": "RS20898", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RS20898", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 456555, "date": "2016-10-18", "retrieved": "2016-11-28T21:21:12.910614", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Selected Issues for the 2016 Election", "summary": "The deadlocked November 2000 presidential election focused national attention on previously obscure details of election administration. Congress responded with the Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA; P.L. 107-252). HAVA created the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), established a set of election administration requirements, and provided federal funding, but it did not supplant state and local control over election administration. Several issues have arisen or persisted in the years since HAVA was enacted. \nSome observers have criticized the EAC for being obtrusive, slow, ineffectual, or even unnecessary. Others believe that the agency is an important resource for improving the election administration. The EAC lacked a quorum of commissioners between 2011 and 2015. \nHAVA requires computerized state voter registration systems, and its voting-system requirements promote the use of electronic voting systems. However, those systems, especially the kinds that record votes directly into a computer\u2019s memory (DREs), raise concerns about security and reliability. In response, many states have enacted requirements for paper ballot records that can be verified by the voter and used in recounts. \nAll states now use paper-based optical scan systems for at least some voters, and most use them in at least some polling places. DRE systems are also used in most states, in many cases to meet HAVA accessibility requirements, but in several states to serve as the primary voting system in at least some jurisdictions. Several states also have jurisdictions that still use hand-counted paper ballots. \nBoth DRE and optical scan voting systems are computerized, with votes counted electronically. All computerized systems, whether used in the polling place or the election office, are potentially vulnerable to unauthorized access aimed at stealing, deleting, or modifying the information that the systems store or process. Such vulnerabilities apply not only to systems with Internet connectivity but also those that can be accessed electronically through other means, such as memory cards. \nDocumented intrusions into systems of state and local election offices and political organizations in 2016 have amplified concerns about attempts by nation-states such as Russia, or by nonstate actors, to use tampering or disinformation campaigns to influence the election. The Department of Homeland Security and the EAC are providing assistance to states to help them secure their systems. Whether such actions will be sufficient is a subject of ongoing debate, although many observers expect that the risk of tampering is minimal.\nHAVA\u2019s limited voter-identification provisions did not resolve the longstanding controversy over whether broad identification requirements are needed to prevent voter fraud, or whether such requirements would create an unacceptable risk of disenfranchising legitimate voters. Many states have enacted requirements that voters present identification documents at polling places. Also, while HAVA\u2019s voter-registration requirements may have improved that process, some observers have argued that more automated registration systems are needed to make further improvements.\nHAVA authorized $3.65 billion in payments to states to replace voting systems and meet the requirements of the act. Congress appropriated $3.28 billion of that amount between FY2003 and FY2010. Altogether, more than $3.5 billion of HAVA funds were appropriated through FY2016: the $3.28 billion in election reform payments to states, $196 million for the EAC and its programs, and more than $129 million in accessibility payments to states, administered by the Department of Health and Human Services. Numerous bills to amend HAVA have been considered in Congress, but none have been enacted except the 2009 MOVE Act, which made some amendments relating to uniformed services and overseas voters.\nIn the 114th Congress, H.R. 195, reported by the Committee on House Administration, would eliminate the EAC and transfer its functions to the Federal Election Commission. House-passed appropriations bills for FY2014 and FY2015 would have defunded the EAC, but the agency has received about $10 million in final appropriations for each fiscal year since FY2012. Other bills in the 114th Congress would address a variety of issues, and some committees have held hearings on election issues, including security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20898", "sha1": "bddd112fb6694170af3f419861da00c0d9e829c5", "filename": "files/20161018_RS20898_bddd112fb6694170af3f419861da00c0d9e829c5.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20898", "sha1": "1a1d8764e8c67f0ac748454df6465608e6a102cb", "filename": "files/20161018_RS20898_1a1d8764e8c67f0ac748454df6465608e6a102cb.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 4833, "name": "Census, Redistricting, Voting, & Elections" } ] }, { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 445706, "date": "2015-09-22", "retrieved": "2016-04-06T18:20:34.904303", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "The deadlocked November 2000 presidential election focused national attention on previously obscure details of election administration. Even before the U.S. Supreme Court had resolved the election in December, numerous bills to address the failings of the election system were introduced in Congress and state legislatures. The response at the federal level was the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252), enacted in 2002. HAVA created the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), established a set of election administration requirements, and provided federal funding, but did not supplant state and local control over election administration. Several issues have arisen or persisted in the years since HAVA was enacted. This report provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the EAC, funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.\nSome observers have criticized the EAC for being too obtrusive, or for being slow, ineffectual, or even unnecessary. Others believe that the agency is an important resource for improving the administration of elections and has been hampered by budgetary constraints and difficulties in the nomination process for commissioners. The agency was without commissioners from December 2011 to January 2015, when one Democratic and two Republican commissioners were sworn in. They had previously been confirmed by the Senate on December 16, 2014. Another Democrat has been nominated to the fourth seat on the commission.\nHAVA promoted the use of electronic voting systems to address problems associated with lever and punchcard systems and to facilitate voting by persons with disabilities. However, the electronic systems, especially those that recorded votes directly into a computer\u2019s memory, raised concerns about security and reliability. In response, many states enacted requirements for voter-verifiable paper ballot records. \nHAVA\u2019s limited voter-identification provisions, agreed to after considerable debate, did not resolve the controversy over whether more stringent identification requirements are needed to prevent voter fraud, or whether such requirements would create an unacceptable risk of disenfranchising legitimate voters. Finally, while HAVA\u2019s voter-registration requirement may have improved that process, some have subsequently argued that more automated registration systems are needed to make further improvements.\nAltogether, more than $3.5 billion of HAVA funds were appropriated through FY2014: about $3.28 billion in election reform payments to states, $185 million for the EAC and its programs, and $130 million in accessibility payments to states, administered by the Department of Health and Human Services. Numerous bills to amend HAVA have been considered in Congress, but none have been enacted.\nIn the 114th Congress, H.R. 195 was reported by the Committee on House Administration on March 4, 2015; it would eliminate the EAC and transfer its functions to the Federal Election Commission. Similar legislation was introduced in the 113th and 112th Congresses, and one bill was passed in the House in the 112th Congress. Appropriations bills that passed in the House for FY2014 and FY2015 included no funds for the EAC, although funding was included in the final legislation. Other legislation introduced thus far includes bills that would make changes to a variety of election administration topics (see the \u201c114th Congress\u201d subsection of this report for bill details).", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS20898", "sha1": "9e207b21d63f28ee4e354c10d4fb53ab57ce1f74", "filename": "files/20150922_RS20898_9e207b21d63f28ee4e354c10d4fb53ab57ce1f74.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS20898", "sha1": "1d5e26a7994ad5a38780975a4fdbabab4c0f3763", "filename": "files/20150922_RS20898_1d5e26a7994ad5a38780975a4fdbabab4c0f3763.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3427, "name": "Voting and Elections" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700657/", "id": "RS20898_2015Jun23", "date": "2015-06-23", "retrieved": "2015-08-27T16:20:31", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150623_RS20898_6cc46f5a151fa907c1fd5ceafdd68a4db4b5f09f.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150623_RS20898_6cc46f5a151fa907c1fd5ceafdd68a4db4b5f09f.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689432/", "id": "RS20898_2015Jun09", "date": "2015-06-09", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150609_RS20898_8e62ef7be7d8c11d47e87da02393e69848129495.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150609_RS20898_8e62ef7be7d8c11d47e87da02393e69848129495.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc689226/", "id": "RS20898_2015May27", "date": "2015-05-27", "retrieved": "2015-08-03T15:06:47", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150527_RS20898_173686f8d7f6468f0bfd6236757e7987eaeb630a.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150527_RS20898_173686f8d7f6468f0bfd6236757e7987eaeb630a.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503411/", "id": "RS20898_2015Mar09", "date": "2015-03-09", "retrieved": "2015-04-30T17:37:21", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20150309_RS20898_7d4a2a2d3b5910de561c5c48fa296e716b5d202d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20150309_RS20898_7d4a2a2d3b5910de561c5c48fa296e716b5d202d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501724/", "id": "RS20898_2014Dec17", "date": "2014-12-17", "retrieved": "2015-03-30T22:03:27", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141217_RS20898_9de94a783c8a7065c68c36b31a2c13ba624f9b63.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141217_RS20898_9de94a783c8a7065c68c36b31a2c13ba624f9b63.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491011/", "id": "RS20898_2014Dec05", "date": "2014-12-05", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "The deadlocked November 2000 presidential election focused national attention on previously obscure details of election administration. Even before the U.S. Supreme Court had resolved the election in December, numerous bills to address the failings of the election system were introduced in Congress and state legislatures. The response at the federal level was the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252), enacted in 2002. HAVA created the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), established a set of election administration requirements, and provided federal funding, but did not supplant state and local control over election administration. Several issues have arisen or persisted in the years since HAVA was enacted. This report provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the EAC, funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141205_RS20898_99a93834837a0429fac181e1a36d4ed6fc244d97.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141205_RS20898_99a93834837a0429fac181e1a36d4ed6fc244d97.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462388/", "id": "RS20898_2014Sep10", "date": "2014-09-10", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140910_RS20898_61dc356a5a75feabc9eca11ea995d49267b1d9ad.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140910_RS20898_61dc356a5a75feabc9eca11ea995d49267b1d9ad.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc463106/", "id": "RS20898_2014Jul31", "date": "2014-07-31", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140731_RS20898_0e8d1e7e7613ccc53cc0da7b06ab28766eba1eaa.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140731_RS20898_0e8d1e7e7613ccc53cc0da7b06ab28766eba1eaa.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc287952/", "id": "RS20898_2014Apr17", "date": "2014-04-17", "retrieved": "2014-06-05T20:55:02", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140417_RS20898_82e50b165aea94a02185654c18beb18b55e5fdbe.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140417_RS20898_82e50b165aea94a02185654c18beb18b55e5fdbe.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc462428/", "id": "RS20898_2014Mar12", "date": "2014-03-12", "retrieved": "2014-12-05T09:57:41", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140312_RS20898_335323a982cc13dc1fa1567966764a80ef569924.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140312_RS20898_335323a982cc13dc1fa1567966764a80ef569924.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332910/", "id": "RS20898_2014Feb03", "date": "2014-02-03", "retrieved": "2014-08-27T12:47:05", "title": "The Help America Vote Act and Election Administration: Overview and Issues", "summary": "This report discusses the Help America Vote Act (HAVA; P.L. 107-252) enacted in 2002. It provides background information about HAVA and its provisions, the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), funding for the agency and for state programs to improve elections, and a number of enduring election administration issues.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20140203_RS20898_5312bc3c05a2f577c26534edc078bace159dc3a8.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20140203_RS20898_5312bc3c05a2f577c26534edc078bace159dc3a8.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Voting rights", "name": "Voting rights" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820352/", "id": "RS20898_2011Jun27", "date": "2011-06-27", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", 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