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      "title": "Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties",
      "summary": "U.S.-Russian trade is governed by Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974, which sets conditions on Russia\u2019s normal trade relations (NTR), or nondiscriminatory, status, including the \u201cfreedom-of-emigration\u201d requirements of the Jackson-Vanik amendment (Section 402). Changing Russia\u2019s trade status to unconditional NTR or \u201cpermanent normal trade relations status (PNTR)\u201d requires legislation to lift the restrictions of Title IV as they apply to Russia and authorize the President to grant Russia PNTR by proclamation. On November 16, 2012, the House passed (365-43), and on December 6, 2012, the Senate passed (92-4) H.R. 6156, which does just that, among other things. The legislation also included provisions\u2014the Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012\u2014that impose sanctions on individuals linked to the incarceration and death of Russian lawyer Sergei Magnitsky. H.R. 6156 also authorized PNTR status for Moldova. President Obama signed the legislation into law on December 14, 2012.  \nPNTR for Russia became an issue for the 112th Congress because, on August 22, 2012, Russia joined the WTO after having completed a 19-year accession process. The WTO requires each member to accord newly acceding members \u201cimmediate and unconditional\u201d most-favored-nation (MFN) status, or PNTR. In order to comply with WTO rules, the United States had to extend PNTR to Russia.",
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      "title": "Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties",
      "summary": "This report discusses the issues surrounding whether or not the U.S. should grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) following its accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The change in Russia's trade status will require legislation to lift the restrictions of Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 as they apply to Russia, which includes the \"freedom-of-emigration\" requirements of the Jackson-Vanik amendment.",
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      "title": "Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties",
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      "title": "Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) Status for Russia and U.S.-Russian Economic Ties",
      "summary": "The change in Russia's trade status will require legislation to lift the restrictions currently applied to Russia under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974, which includes the \"freedom-of-emigration\" requirements of the Jackson-Vanik amendment. The process for Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is proceeding and may be completed soon. As a result, Members may confront the issue of whether to grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status during the 112th Congress.",
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