{
  "id": "RS21250",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RS21250",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 327438,
      "date": "2006-07-20",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T18:55:35.135029",
      "title": "The Constitutionality of Including the Phrase \"Under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance",
      "summary": "On June 26, 2002, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit had held that the 1954 federal statute\nthat\nadded the words \"under God\" to the Pledge of Allegiance violates the Establishment Clause of the\nFirst Amendment. The panel also held that a California school district policy requiring teachers to\nlead willing school children in reciting the Pledge each school day violates the Establishment Clause. \nA modification issued on February 28, 2003, eliminated the holding regarding the federal statute but\nretained the ruling holding that the California statute coerces children into participating in a religious\nexercise. On June 14, 2004, the Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit's decision, finding that\nNewdow lacked standing to challenge the school district's policy in federal court. This report\nsummarizes the case and congressional action in response to it ( H.R. 2389 , which\npassed the House on July 19, 2006, and  S. 1046 ).",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS21250",
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS21250",
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      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6131/",
      "id": "RS21250 2004-06-18",
      "date": "2004-06-18",
      "retrieved": "2005-06-12T19:44:42",
      "title": "The Constitutionality of Including the Phrase \"Under God\" in the Pledge of Allegiance",
      "summary": "On October 14, 2003, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in the appeal regarding the California statute, and on June 14, 2004, the Court reversed the Ninth Circuit\u2019s decision finding that Newdow lacked standing to challenge the school district\u2019s policy in federal court. This report summarizes the facts of the case, the opinions that have been rendered, congressional action, and the appeal to the Supreme Court. It will be updated as circumstances warrant.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
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          "filename": "files/20040618_RS21250_2a2eb68d647f8c274aa99fb43dd2c186e0167c0b.pdf"
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        {
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          "filename": "files/20040618_RS21250_2a2eb68d647f8c274aa99fb43dd2c186e0167c0b.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Law",
          "name": "Law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Supreme Court decisions",
          "name": "Supreme Court decisions"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Religion",
          "name": "Religion"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Constitutional law",
          "name": "Constitutional law"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Religion",
          "name": "Religion"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Constitutional Questions"
  ]
}