{
  "id": "RS21932",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RS21932",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 304935,
      "date": "2005-03-21",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T19:49:47.881029",
      "title": "United States Sentencing Guidelines After Blakely: Booker and Fanfan - A Sketch",
      "summary": "Sentencing in federal court has been governed by the United States Sentencing Guidelines. The\nSupreme Court has upheld the Guidelines in the face of arguments that they constituted an\nunconstitutional delegation of authority and an affront to the separation of powers. Yet thereafter,\nthe Court held that due process and the right to a criminal jury trial require that any fact (other than\nthe fact of a prior conviction) that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the statutory maximum\nmust be submitted to the jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. And for this reason, the Court,\nin  Blakely v. Washington,  found constitutionally wanting a state sentence imposed by\noperation of\na legislative sentencing guideline procedure even though the final sentence fell beneath the\nmaximum penalty assigned to the crime of conviction. In  Booker  the Court agreed that these\nprinciples apply to the federal Sentencing Guidelines and as a consequence the Guidelines must be\nconsidered advisory rather than mandatory. The Court\u2019s later decision in  United States\nv. Shepard \nmay offer some clue as to further development of the  Apprendi/Blakely  principles. \n This report is an abridged version -- without footnotes -- of  CRS Report RL32573(pdf) ,  United\nStates Sentencing Guidelines and the Supreme Court:  Booker, Fanfan, Blakely, Apprendi ,\nand \nMistretta.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
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          "filename": "files/20050321_RS21932_0c55bfae25955a230b9163976432128c020c6da4.html",
          "images": null
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          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS21932",
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      ],
      "topics": []
    }
  ],
  "topics": [
    "Constitutional Questions"
  ]
}