{ "id": "RS21989", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RS21989", "active": false, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 386843, "date": "2011-05-03", "retrieved": "2016-04-07T00:54:51.607737", "title": "C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire Post-Gbagbo: Crisis Recovery", "summary": "C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire is emerging from a severe political-military crisis that followed a disputed November 28, 2010, presidential runoff election between former president Laurent Gbagbo and his, former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara. Both claimed electoral victory and formed opposing governments. Their rivalry spurred a full-scale civil military conflict in early March 2011, after months of growing political violence. Armed conflict largely ended days after Gbagbo\u2019s arrest by pro-Ouattara forces, aided by United Nations (U.N.) and French peacekeepers, but limited residual fighting was continuing to occur as of April 20. \nThe election was designed to cap an often forestalled peace process defined by the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, the most recent in a series of partially implemented peace accords aimed at reunifying the country, which was divided between a government-controlled southern region and a rebel-controlled northern zone after a brief civil war in 2002. Ouattara based his victory claim on the U.N.-certified runoff results announced by the Ivoirian Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). These indicated that he had won the election with a 54.1% vote share, against 45.9% for Gbagbo. The international community, including the United States, endorsed the IEC-announced poll results as legitimate and demanded that Gbagbo cede the presidency to Ouattara. Gbagbo, rejecting the IEC decision, appealed it to the Ivoirian Constitutional Council, which reviewed and annulled it and proclaimed Gbagbo president, with 51.5% of votes against 48.6% for Ouattara. Gbagbo therefore claimed to have been duly elected and refused to hand power over to Ouattara. The electoral standoff caused a sharp rise in political tension and violence, deaths and human rights abuses, and spurred attacks on U.N. peacekeepers. The international community used diplomatic and financial efforts, sanctions, and a military intervention threat to pressure Gbagbo to step aside. \nThe crisis directly threatened long-standing U.S. and international efforts to support a transition to peace, political stability, and democratic governance in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, among other U.S. goals. Indirectly at stake were broad, long-term U.S. efforts and billions of dollars of foreign aid to ensure regional stability, peace, democratic and accountable governance, and economic growth in West Africa. The United States supported the Ivoirian peace process diplomatically and financially, with funding appropriated by Congress. It supports the ongoing U.N. Operation in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (UNOCI) and helped fund a UNOCI predecessor; and helped a regional military intervention force deploy in 2003. The 112th Congress may be asked to consider additional funding for UNOCI, post-conflict recovery efforts, or for additional emergency humanitarian aid, in addition to $33.73 million worth of such assistance provided as of mid-April. C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire-related bills introduced in the 112th Congress include H.Res. 85 (Payne), expressing congressional support for such ends, and H.Res. 212 (Timothy V. Johnson), calling for the United States not to intervene militarily in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire in the absence of congressional approval. Top U.S officials also attempted to directly pressure Gbagbo to step down. An existing U.S. ban on bilateral non-humanitarian aid was augmented with visa restrictions and financial sanctions targeting the Gbagbo regime. As of early 2011, regional mediation had produced few results. \nA post-conflict transition process is now under way. Key emphases include security and public order; economic recovery; transitional justice and accountability for human rights abuses; and national political reconciliation and reunification. Continued political volatility is likely, both due to the divisions that widened during the post-electoral crisis, and pending resolution of the varied root causes of the crisis. The Overview and Recent Developments sections discuss Gbagbo\u2019s capture and ensuing events; prior developments are addressed in the balance of the report.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS21989", "sha1": "9e73bc78b1069260ce1100653e2b0013189f7bf2", "filename": "files/20110503_RS21989_9e73bc78b1069260ce1100653e2b0013189f7bf2.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS21989", "sha1": "026106ba25116d9aead5c636d9ad6708b0134e63", "filename": "files/20110503_RS21989_026106ba25116d9aead5c636d9ad6708b0134e63.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40261/", "id": "RS21989_2011April20", "date": "2011-04-20", "retrieved": "2011-08-27T10:13:38", "title": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire Post-Gbagbo: Crisis Recovery", "summary": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire is emerging from a severe political crisis that followed a disputed November 28, 2010, presidential runoff election between former president Laurent Gbagbo and his, former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara. Both claimed electoral victory and formed opposing governments. Their rivalry spurred a full-scale civil military conflict in early March 2011, after months of growing political violence. The main conflict died down days after Gbagbo's arrest by pro-Ouattara forces, aided by United Nations (U.N.) and French peacekeepers, but limited residual fighting was continuing to occur as of April 20.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110420_RS21989_01159ec426a1fd520194c33d79157068db978828.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110420_RS21989_01159ec426a1fd520194c33d79157068db978828.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations", "name": "Foreign relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - Ivory Coast", "name": "Politics and government - Ivory Coast" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc99126/", "id": "RS21989_2011Apr05", "date": "2011-04-05", "retrieved": "2012-08-31T21:48:36", "title": "C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire\u2019s Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discusses the recent political instability in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, which has surfaced most recently in February 2011, and stems from a contested November 28, 2010 presidential election. This report discusses background information on C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's long struggle toward peace, political stability, and democratic governance. It also addresses U.S. interests regarding C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's stability and democratic progress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110405_RS21989_a79ce356b9ad456ccd247bf572fec6d43ae74abd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110405_RS21989_a79ce356b9ad456ccd247bf572fec6d43ae74abd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Politics and government -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Democracy", "name": "Democracy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Contested elections", "name": "Contested elections" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33102/", "id": "RS21989_2011Mar29", "date": "2011-03-29", "retrieved": "2011-04-28T13:31:19", "title": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discusses the contested November 28, 2010, presidential election runoff election in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. Laurent Gbagbo and his rival, former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara, both continue to claim to have won the runoff and to exercise exclusive national executive authority, and to attempt to consolidate their control over state institutions. An increase in armed conflicts in late February 2011, among other indicators, signals the possible outbreak of a renewed civil war. This report discusses these events, as well as U.S. and international efforts to support a peaceful transition in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, which has remained largely divided since the civil war that began in 2002.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110329_RS21989_9b4331f7d43b44e1ccd4971cc38e177d7bebdb82.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110329_RS21989_9b4331f7d43b44e1ccd4971cc38e177d7bebdb82.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Contested elections", "name": "Contested elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33101/", "id": "RS21989_2011Mar15", "date": "2011-03-15", "retrieved": "2011-04-28T13:31:19", "title": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discusses the contested November 28, 2010, presidential election runoff election in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire. Laurent Gbagbo and his rival, former Prime Minister Alassane Ouattara, both continue to claim to have won the runoff and to exercise exclusive national executive authority, and to attempt to consolidate their control over state institutions. An increase in armed conflicts in late February 2011, among other indicators, signals the possible outbreak of a renewed civil war. This report discusses these events, as well as U.S. and international efforts to support a peaceful transition in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, which has remained largely divided since the civil war that began in 2002.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110315_RS21989_c60bcdfb02c1e79fe797674ae0d34aa9fdca640d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110315_RS21989_c60bcdfb02c1e79fe797674ae0d34aa9fdca640d.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Contested elections", "name": "Contested elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33100/", "id": "RS21989_2011Mar09", "date": "2011-03-09", "retrieved": "2011-04-28T13:31:19", "title": "Cote d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discusses the recent political instability in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, which has surfaced most recently in February 2011, and stems from a contested November 28, 2010, presidential election. This report discusses background information on C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's long struggle toward peace, political stability, and democratic governance. This report also addresses U.S. interests regarding C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's stability and democratic progress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110309_RS21989_eeacb976a0f5dc12543b2fce2062ff6a599055fd.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110309_RS21989_eeacb976a0f5dc12543b2fce2062ff6a599055fd.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Politics and government - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - C\u00f4te d'Ivoire - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Democracy", "name": "Democracy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Contested elections", "name": "Contested elections" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc810765/", "id": "RS21989_2011Mar03", "date": "2011-03-03", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Cote d'Ivoire\u2019s Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discuses the post-election crises in the Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire), the international reactions and the U.S. Diplomatic and policy responses.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110303_RS21989_111792f89b3aef021bace2ae1c55c55afbce4655.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110303_RS21989_111792f89b3aef021bace2ae1c55c55afbce4655.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "KWD", "id": "Ivory Coast", "name": "Ivory Coast" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc122343/", "id": "RS21989_2011Jan28", "date": "2011-01-28", "retrieved": "2012-11-30T09:28:34", "title": "Cote d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crisis", "summary": "This report discusses the recent political instability in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, which has surfaced most recently in February 2011, and stems from a contested November 28, 2010 presidential election. This report discusses background information on C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's long struggle toward peace, political stability, and democratic governance. It also addresses U.S. interests regarding C\u00f4te d'Ivoire's stability and democratic progress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110128_RS21989_5fbb9d5ad4d2eefe7a566cd6ca4afd390876d683.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110128_RS21989_5fbb9d5ad4d2eefe7a566cd6ca4afd390876d683.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government", "name": "Politics and government" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Politics and government -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Politics and government -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- C\u00f4te d'Ivoire -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Civil war", "name": "Civil war" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Democracy", "name": "Democracy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Elections", "name": "Elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Presidential elections", "name": "Presidential elections" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Contested elections", "name": "Contested elections" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805298/", "id": "RS21989_2004Dec02", "date": "2004-12-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "Cote dIvoire Divided: Civil War Reprise?", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20041202_RS21989_099d7598f6979a381108b3b087d69cc5801ba32c.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20041202_RS21989_099d7598f6979a381108b3b087d69cc5801ba32c.html" } ], "topics": [] } ], "topics": [ "African Affairs", "Constitutional Questions", "European Affairs", "Foreign Affairs" ] }