{ "id": "RS22030", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "number": "RS22030", "active": true, "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "versions": [ { "source": "EveryCRSReport.com", "id": 450353, "date": "2016-03-02", "retrieved": "2016-03-24T17:01:55.782292", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": "The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States and the subsequent revelation of Al Qaeda cells in Europe gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and improve police, judicial, and intelligence cooperation among its member states. Other deadly incidents in Europe, such as the Madrid and London bombings in 2004 and 2005, respectively, injected further urgency into strengthening EU counterterrorism capabilities. Among other steps, the EU has established a common definition of terrorism and a common list of terrorist groups, an EU arrest warrant, enhanced tools to stem terrorist financing, and new measures to strengthen external EU border controls and improve transport security. Over the years, the EU has also encouraged member states to devote resources to countering radicalization and terrorist recruitment; such efforts have received renewed attention in light of concerns about the threats posed by European fighters returning from the conflicts in Syria and Iraq, highlighted most recently by the November 13, 2015, attacks in Paris, France.\nPromoting law enforcement and intelligence cooperation with the United States has been another top EU priority since 2001. Washington has largely welcomed enhanced counterterrorism cooperation with the EU. Since 9/11, contacts between U.S. and EU officials on police, judicial, and border control policy matters have increased substantially. A number of U.S.-EU agreements have been reached; these include information-sharing arrangements between the United States and EU police and judicial bodies, U.S.-EU treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and accords on container security and airline passenger data. In addition, the United States and the EU have been working together to curb terrorist financing, strengthen transport security, and address the foreign fighter phenomenon.\nNevertheless, some challenges persist in fostering closer U.S.-EU cooperation in these fields. Among the most prominent and long-standing are data privacy and data protection issues. The negotiation of several U.S.-EU information-sharing agreements, from those related to tracking terrorist financial data to sharing airline passenger information, has been complicated by EU concerns about whether the United States could guarantee a sufficient level of protection for European citizens\u2019 personal data. EU worries about U.S. data protection safeguards and practices were further heightened by the unauthorized disclosures of U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance programs in mid-2013 and subsequent allegations of U.S. collection activities in Europe. Other issues that have led to periodic tensions include detainee policies, differences in the U.S. and EU terrorist designation lists, and balancing measures to improve border controls and border security with the need to facilitate legitimate transatlantic travel and commerce.\nCongressional decisions related to data privacy, intelligence-gathering, border controls, visa policy, and transport security may affect how future U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation evolves. EU officials have welcomed passage of the Judicial Redress Act (P.L. 114-126) to provide EU citizens with a limited right of judicial redress for privacy violations in a law enforcement context, but they have expressed unease with some provisions in the Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015 (passed as part of P.L. 114-113 in the wake of the Paris attacks and heightened U.S. concerns about European citizens fighting with terrorist groups abroad). Given the European Parliament\u2019s growing influence in many of these policy areas, Members of Congress may be able to help shape the Parliament\u2019s views and responses through ongoing contacts and the existing Transatlantic Legislators\u2019 Dialogue (TLD). This report examines the evolution of U.S.-EU counterterrorism cooperation, current issues, and the ongoing challenges that may be of interest in the 114th Congress. Also see CRS Report R44003, European Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Assessments, Responses, and Issues for the United States, coordinated by Kristin Archick.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORTS", "active": true, "formats": [ { "format": "HTML", "encoding": "utf-8", "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS22030", "sha1": "2e5d6c66c308d7fce84f641d8a56b0f288f3a125", "filename": "files/20160302_RS22030_2e5d6c66c308d7fce84f641d8a56b0f288f3a125.html", "images": null }, { "format": "PDF", "encoding": null, "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS22030", "sha1": "c0de0fa2e8482e22c7de6bc6793150842a9273bc", "filename": "files/20160302_RS22030_c0de0fa2e8482e22c7de6bc6793150842a9273bc.pdf", "images": null } ], "topics": [ { "source": "IBCList", "id": 3456, "name": "Terrorism and Counterterrorism Policy" }, { "source": "IBCList", "id": 522, "name": "European Union" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491337/", "id": "RS22030_2014Dec01", "date": "2014-12-01", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": "This report examines the evolution of counterterrorism cooperation between the United States and the European Union (EU), particularly since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It includes a discussion of U.S.-EU cooperation progress and ongoing challenges, as well as perspectives and issues for Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20141201_RS22030_4555dffca4ffeea497027f967dd08e42b22c7016.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20141201_RS22030_4555dffca4ffeea497027f967dd08e42b22c7016.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign policy", "name": "Foreign policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- European Union -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- European Union -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- European Union", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- European Union" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc228137/", "id": "RS22030_2013Sep04", "date": "2013-09-04", "retrieved": "2013-11-05T18:07:05", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": "This report examines the evolution of counterterrorism cooperation between the United States and the European Union (EU), particularly since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. 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It includes a discussion of U.S.-EU cooperation progress and ongoing challenges, as well as perspectives and issues for Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110718_RS22030_6b24c81e98fd463bcfd5f0c2e269b78203342532.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110718_RS22030_6b24c81e98fd463bcfd5f0c2e269b78203342532.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations", "name": "Foreign relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Europe", "name": "Foreign relations -- U.S. -- Europe" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations -- Europe -- U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations -- Europe -- U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorists", "name": "Terrorists" }, { "source": "KWD", "id": "European Union", "name": "European Union" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc40263/", "id": "RS22030_2011May2", "date": "2011-05-02", "retrieved": "2011-08-27T10:13:38", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": "The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to combat terrorism and improve police, judicial, and intelligence cooperation among its member states. Since the 2001 attacks, the EU has sought to speed up its efforts to harmonize national laws and bring down barriers among member states' law enforcement authorities so that information can be meaningfully shared and suspects apprehended expeditiously. Among other steps, the EU has established a common definition of terrorism and a common list of terrorist groups, an EU arrest warrant, enhanced tools to stem terrorist financing, and new measures to strengthen external EU border controls and improve aviation security.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20110502_RS22030_e17bf73fcf931d46db215d75d19c8814d13282ad.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20110502_RS22030_e17bf73fcf931d46db215d75d19c8814d13282ad.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations", "name": "Foreign relations" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Europe", "name": "Foreign relations - U.S. - Europe" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - Europe - U.S.", "name": "Foreign relations - Europe - U.S." }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorists", "name": "Terrorists" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491301/", "id": "RS22030_2010Jul09", "date": "2010-07-09", "retrieved": "2015-01-27T19:40:46", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": "This report examines the evolution of counterterrorism cooperation between the United States and the European Union (EU), particularly since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. 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It includes a discussion of U.S.-EU cooperation progress and ongoing challenges, as well as perspectives and issues for Congress.", "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20100513_RS22030_e6d36a0e894b5d65ab920feece4db6b15b5f7a21.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20100513_RS22030_e6d36a0e894b5d65ab920feece4db6b15b5f7a21.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "International affairs", "name": "International affairs" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Counterterrorism", "name": "Counterterrorism" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Terrorism", "name": "Terrorism" } ] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc820625/", "id": "RS22030_2008Jan28", "date": "2008-01-28", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20080128_RS22030_d421bdd6fa3e80591206615be7d3e53a6b065b7b.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20080128_RS22030_d421bdd6fa3e80591206615be7d3e53a6b065b7b.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc814874/", "id": "RS22030_2007Aug10", "date": "2007-08-10", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20070810_RS22030_cfd90754bee1c7aef7734d30e0e8b6d2fa4ac397.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20070810_RS22030_cfd90754bee1c7aef7734d30e0e8b6d2fa4ac397.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc815475/", "id": "RS22030_2006Oct16", "date": "2006-10-16", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20061016_RS22030_b9358b47c01276d0f1cca35cd520f17e54f8526e.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20061016_RS22030_b9358b47c01276d0f1cca35cd520f17e54f8526e.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc805155/", "id": "RS22030_2006Jan24", "date": "2006-01-24", "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20060124_RS22030_99a4ea4c8c325450e731f6744e58dce69671cb2d.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20060124_RS22030_99a4ea4c8c325450e731f6744e58dce69671cb2d.html" } ], "topics": [] }, { "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department", "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6507/", "id": "RS22030 2005-07-12", "date": "2005-07-12", "retrieved": "2005-07-26T08:34:27", "title": "U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism", "summary": null, "type": "CRS Report", "typeId": "REPORT", "active": false, "formats": [ { "format": "PDF", "filename": "files/20050712_RS22030_9cf1c4e43f1781c2291156b442f42341646c5b34.pdf" }, { "format": "HTML", "filename": "files/20050712_RS22030_9cf1c4e43f1781c2291156b442f42341646c5b34.html" } ], "topics": [ { "source": "LIV", "id": "Defense policy", "name": "Defense policy" }, { "source": "LIV", "id": "Foreign relations - 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