{
  "id": "RS22330",
  "type": "CRS Report",
  "typeId": "REPORTS",
  "number": "RS22330",
  "active": false,
  "source": "EveryCRSReport.com, University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
  "versions": [
    {
      "source": "EveryCRSReport.com",
      "id": 342407,
      "date": "2008-02-08",
      "retrieved": "2016-04-07T03:40:36.588338",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": "Since October 2001, improvised explosive devices (IEDs, roadside bombs, and suicide car bombs) have been responsible for many of the combat deaths in Iraq and Afghanistan. Vehicle-borne IEDs and car bombs are now used to strike police stations, markets, and mosques, killing local citizens as well as U.S. troops. U.S. forces counter the devices through utilizing intelligence sources, and by disrupting portions of the radio spectrum that insurgents use to trigger IEDs. Insurgents quickly adapt to countermeasures, and new, more sophisticated IEDs are increasingly being used in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Recent trends show a decrease in the number of IED attacks in Iraq since June 2007, but an increase in the number of effective IED attacks in Afghanistan. Department of Defense (DOD) officials have also charged that Iran may be supplying new IED technology to insurgents in Iraq. There is growing concern that IEDs might eventually be used by other insurgents in Pakistan, and in other areas worldwide. This report will be updated as events warrant.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORTS",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "encoding": "utf-8",
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/RS22330",
          "sha1": "040eed4ccbd98bac2d6aebc728daedce120fc89b",
          "filename": "files/20080208_RS22330_040eed4ccbd98bac2d6aebc728daedce120fc89b.html",
          "images": null
        },
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "encoding": null,
          "url": "http://www.crs.gov/Reports/pdf/RS22330",
          "sha1": "bb95f1b8986918f95db5a07361dbfdd673f6afe7",
          "filename": "files/20080208_RS22330_bb95f1b8986918f95db5a07361dbfdd673f6afe7.pdf",
          "images": null
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc819087/",
      "id": "RS22330_2007Nov21",
      "date": "2007-11-21",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20071121_RS22330_144892bf89833b4f6b1239b61e79250b90c6da15.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20071121_RS22330_144892bf89833b4f6b1239b61e79250b90c6da15.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc812521/",
      "id": "RS22330_2007Aug28",
      "date": "2007-08-28",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20070828_RS22330_072a1e4c5debc50f7b0510002a3be29bcdac9ec8.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20070828_RS22330_072a1e4c5debc50f7b0510002a3be29bcdac9ec8.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs10213/",
      "id": "RS22330_2006Sep25",
      "date": "2006-09-25",
      "retrieved": "2008-12-11T20:27:53",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq and Afghanistan: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": "Since October 2001, Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs, or roadside bombs) have been responsible for many of the more than 2,000 combat deaths in Iraq, and 178 combat deaths in Afghanistan. IEDs are hidden behind signs and guardrails, under roadside debris, or inside animal carcasses, and encounters with these bombs are becoming more numerous and deadly in both Iraq and Afghanistan. Department of Defense (DOD) efforts to counter IEDs have proven only marginally effective, and U.S. forces continue to be exposed to the threat at military checkpoints, or whenever on patrol. IEDs are increasingly being used in Afghanistan, and DOD reportedly is concerned that they might eventually be more widely used by other insurgents and terrorists worldwide.",
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20060925_RS22330_477c929e43d51d7e472e5ad57dea0966e8b717cb.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20060925_RS22330_477c929e43d51d7e472e5ad57dea0966e8b717cb.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Emergency management",
          "name": "Emergency management"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Criminal justice",
          "name": "Criminal justice"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Defense policy",
          "name": "Defense policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Terrorism",
          "name": "Terrorism"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Military operations - U.S. - Iraq",
          "name": "Military operations - U.S. - Iraq"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc817793/",
      "id": "RS22330_2006Feb10",
      "date": "2006-02-10",
      "retrieved": "2016-03-19T13:57:26",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) in Iraq: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20060210_RS22330_3e8259f6222e88b0a7418c3dc25a83ba1e587b77.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "topics": []
    },
    {
      "source": "University of North Texas Libraries Government Documents Department",
      "sourceLink": "https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7975/",
      "id": "RS22330 2005-11-23",
      "date": "2005-11-23",
      "retrieved": "2005-12-21T17:08:51",
      "title": "Improvised Explosive Devices in Iraq: Effects and Countermeasures",
      "summary": null,
      "type": "CRS Report",
      "typeId": "REPORT",
      "active": false,
      "formats": [
        {
          "format": "PDF",
          "filename": "files/20051123_RS22330_9e5f11feee5a15041b410a6a13c861a10a5c9844.pdf"
        },
        {
          "format": "HTML",
          "filename": "files/20051123_RS22330_9e5f11feee5a15041b410a6a13c861a10a5c9844.html"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Emergency management",
          "name": "Emergency management"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Military operations - U.S. - Iraq",
          "name": "Military operations - U.S. - Iraq"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Terrorism",
          "name": "Terrorism"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Explosives",
          "name": "Explosives"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Defense policy",
          "name": "Defense policy"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "International affairs",
          "name": "International affairs"
        },
        {
          "source": "LIV",
          "id": "Criminal justice",
          "name": "Criminal justice"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "topics": []
}