Agricultural Disaster Assistance
Dennis A. Shields
Specialist in Agricultural Policy
August 14, 2015
Congressional Research Service
7-5700
www.crs.gov
RS21212

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Agricultural Disaster Assistance

Summary
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers several programs to help farmers recover
financially from natural disasters, including drought and floods. All the programs have permanent
authorization, and only one requires a federal disaster designation (the emergency loan program).
Most programs receive funding amounts that are “such sums as necessary” and are not subject to
annual discretionary appropriations.
The federal crop insurance program offers subsidized policies designed to protect crop producers
from unavoidable risks associated with adverse weather, and weather-related plant diseases and
insect infestations. Policies must be purchased prior to the planting season. Eligible commodities
include most major crops and many specialty crops (including fruit, tree nut, vegetable, and
nursery crops), as well as forage and pastureland for livestock producers. The enacted 2014 farm
bill (the Agricultural Act of 2014; P.L. 113-79) enhances the crop insurance program by
expanding its scope, covering a greater share of farm losses, and making other modifications that
broaden policy coverage. Producers who grow a crop that is currently ineligible for crop
insurance may apply for the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP).
The 2014 farm bill also permanently reauthorizes three disaster programs for livestock and one
for fruit trees, making nearly all parts of the U.S. farm sector covered by a standing disaster
program. As of May 1, 2015, USDA has disbursed $5.3 billion through these programs, which
cover losses beginning in FY2012. Producers do not pay a fee to participate. The programs are:
(1) the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP), which provides payments to eligible livestock
owners and contract growers at a rate of 75% of market value for livestock deaths in excess
of normal mortality caused by adverse weather;
(2) the Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP), which makes payments to eligible
livestock producers who have suffered grazing losses on drought-affected pasture or grazing
land, or on rangeland managed by a federal agency due to a qualifying fire;
(3) the Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program
(ELAP), which provides payments (capped at $20 million per year) to producers of livestock,
honey bees, and farm-raised fish as compensation for losses due to disease, adverse weather,
and feed or water shortages; and
(4) the Tree Assistance Program (TAP), making payments to orchardists/nursery tree growers
for losses in excess of 15% to replant trees, bushes, and vines damaged by natural disasters.
Separately, for all types of farms and ranches, when a county has been declared a disaster area by
either the President or the Secretary of Agriculture, producers in that county may become eligible
for low-interest emergency disaster (EM) loans.
USDA has several permanent disaster assistance programs that help producers repair damaged
land following natural disasters. It also has authority (prohibited in FY2015) to issue disaster
payments to farmers with funds from “Section 32” or the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC).
Finally, USDA can use a variety of existing programs to address disaster issues as they arise, such
as allowing emergency grazing on land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program.
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Contents
Federal Crop Insurance.................................................................................................................... 1
Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) ................................................................... 1
2014 Farm Bill Disaster Programs .................................................................................................. 2
Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) ......................................................................................... 3
Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP) ................................................................................ 3
Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program
(ELAP) ................................................................................................................................... 4
Tree Assistance Program (TAP) ................................................................................................ 5
Emergency Disaster Loans .............................................................................................................. 5
Other USDA Assistance .................................................................................................................. 6
Emergency Agricultural Land Assistance Programs ................................................................. 6
“Section 32” and “CCC” Funds for Farm Disaster Payments ................................................... 7
Adjustments to Existing USDA Programs ................................................................................ 8
Assistance to Prevent Spread of Animal Diseases .................................................................... 9

Tables
Table 1. USDA’s Agricultural Disaster Assistance Programs .......................................................... 2
Table 2. Livestock Forage Program (LFP) ...................................................................................... 4

Contacts
Author Contact Information ............................................................................................................ 9

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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has at its disposal several programs designed to help
farmers and ranchers recover from the financial effects of natural disasters. These are (1) federal
crop insurance, (2) the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP), (3) livestock and
fruit tree disaster programs, and (4) emergency disaster loans for both crop and livestock
producers. All have permanent authorization, and the emergency loan program is the only one
requiring a federal disaster designation. Most programs receive funding amounts of “such sums as
necessary” and are not subject to annual discretionary appropriations.
With enactment of the permanent livestock/fruit tree disaster programs in the 2014 farm bill (P.L.
113-79), nearly all segments of the U.S. farm sector are now covered by a standing disaster
program. The array of federal programs, summarized in Table 1, reduces the potential need for
emergency assistance that Congress previously provided to farmers and ranchers in the form of ad
hoc disaster payments.1
Federal Crop Insurance
The federal crop insurance program is administered by USDA’s Risk Management Agency. The
program is designed to protect crop producers from unavoidable risks associated with adverse
weather, and weather-related plant diseases and insect infestations.
Crop insurance is available for most major crops and many specialty crops (including fruit, tree
nut, vegetable, and nursery crops), as well as forage and pastureland for livestock producers. A
producer who chooses to purchase an insurance policy must do so by an administratively
determined deadline date, which varies by crop and usually coincides with the planting season.
Insurance products that protect against loss in revenue (yield times price) are also available.
Policies are typically available in major growing regions.
The federal crop insurance program was instituted in the 1930s and was subject to major
legislative reforms in 1980, and again in 1994 and 2000. The Agriculture Risk Protection Act of
2000 (P.L. 106-224) pumped $8.2 billion in new federal spending over a five-year period into the
program primarily through more generous premium subsidies to help make the program more
affordable to farmers and enhance farmer participation levels, in an effort to preclude the need for
ad-hoc emergency disaster payments.
Between 2006 and 2011, the federal cost of the crop insurance program averaged $5.9 billion per
year, up from an annual average of $3.0 billion during 2000-2005. In 2012, high commodity
prices drove up premiums subsidies, and persistent drought resulted in large losses for the
program. USDA estimated total program cost at $14.1 billion in FY2012. Since then, more
favorable weather reduced losses, resulting in USDA’s estimated total program costs of $6.0
billion in FY2013 and $8.7 billion in FY2014. The largest cost component (about 80% of the
program total) is the premium subsidy for producers (average subsidy of 62%). The federal
government also pays for costs of selling and servicing the policies (as a reimbursement to
approved insurance providers) and absorbs underwriting losses (indemnities in excess of
premiums received) in years when crop yields are poor.

1 Ad hoc assistance was made available primarily through emergency supplemental appropriations to a wide array of
USDA programs. For a history of the congressional response to agricultural disasters, see CRS Report RL31095,
Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Supplemental Appropriations, FY1989-FY2012.
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Table 1. USDA’s Agricultural Disaster Assistance Programs
(all programs permanently authorized—disaster designation required only for loans)
Program and Agency
Commodity Coverage and Requirements
Payment Trigger
Timing and Funding
Crop insurance indemnifies yield or revenue
More than 100 crops are eligible; also covered
Yield or revenue loss greater
Indemnity payment issued after
losses—RMA.
are livestock margins & pasture. Producer must
than the deductible (e.g., 30%)
claim is filed, adjusted, and
purchase a subsidized policy prior to planting.
specified in the policy.
processed; unlimited funding.
Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program Available for crops not currently eligible for
Yield loss in excess of 50%;
Payment issued after claim is filed
(NAP) issues payments for yield loss—FSA.
crop ins. Producer pays fee prior to planting.
additional coverage available.
and processed; unlimited funding.
2014 farm bill programs issue payments for qualifying losses—FSA



Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP);
Beef and dairy cattle, hogs, chickens, ducks,
Livestock deaths in excess of
Payment issued after application is
payments for livestock death losses.
geese, turkeys, sheep, goats, alpacas, deer, elk,
normal mortality caused by
processed; unlimited funding.
emus, and equine; no fee.
adverse weather.

Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP);
Drought-affected pastureland and cropland
Drought intensity level for an
Payment issued after application is
payments for grazing losses from drought/fire.
planted for grazing; rangeland managed by a
individual county, as published in processed; unlimited funding.
federal agency due to a qualifying fire; no fee.
the U.S. Drought Monitor.

Emergency Assistance for Livestock,
Livestock, honey bees, and farm-raised fish;
Bee losses in excess of normal
Payment issued after application is
Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish
losses may be caused by disease, adverse
mortality; certain losses for
processed; annual funding capped
Program (ELAP); payments for losses not
weather, feed or water shortages, or wildfires;
livestock, including feed and
at $20 mil ion.
covered by LIP/LFP.
no fee.
water costs.

Tree Assistance Program (TAP); payments
Trees, bushes, and vines from which an annual
Tree/vine mortality loss or
Payment issued after application is
for tree and vine losses.
crop is produced; no fee.
damage in excess of 15%.
processed; unlimited funding.
Emergency (EM) disaster loans offer low-interest
Damage to crops, livestock, equipment or
County disaster declaration by
Loan application due within 8 mo.
financing for production or physical losses—FSA.
farmland when commercial credit not available.
President, Secretary, or FSA;
of disaster; funding subject to
30% crop loss or a physical loss.
annual appropriations.
Disaster Set-Aside (DSA) allows deferred loan
One ful year’s loan payment can be moved to
Disaster declaration by
Upon declaration of disaster.
payment for direct loans—FSA.
end of loan.
President, Secretary, or FSA.
Source: CRS Report RS21212, Agricultural Disaster Assistance.
Notes: RMA = Risk Management Agency; FSA = Farm Service Agency. USDA also offers emergency land assistance: Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) and the
Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP), administered by FSA; Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) program and EWP floodplain easement program,
administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the U.S. Forest Service. See CRS Report R42854, Emergency Assistance for Agricultural Land Rehabilitation.
Other potential USDA assistance includes forbearance on rural housing loans and rural water and waste water disposal loans; see CRS Report RL31837, An Overview of
USDA Rural Development Programs.
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Under the current crop insurance program, a producer who grows an insurable crop selects a level
of crop yield and price coverage and pays a premium that increases as the levels of yield and
price coverage rise. However, all eligible producers can receive catastrophic (CAT) coverage
without paying a premium. The premium for this portion of coverage is completely subsidized by
the federal government. Under CAT coverage, participating producers can receive a payment
equal to 55% of the estimated market price of the commodity, on crop losses in excess of 50% of
normal yield, or 50/55 coverage.
Although eligible producers do not have to pay a premium for CAT coverage, they are required to
pay upon enrollment a $300 administrative fee per covered crop for each county where they grow
the crop. The fee can be waived by USDA for financial hardship cases. Any producer who opts
for CAT coverage has the opportunity to purchase additional insurance coverage from a private
crop insurance company. For an additional premium paid by the producer, and partially
subsidized by the government, a producer can increase the 50/55 catastrophic coverage to any
equivalent level of coverage between 50/100 and 85/100 (i.e., 85% of yield and 100% of the
estimated market price), in increments of 5%.
For many insurable commodities, an eligible producer can purchase revenue insurance. Under
such a policy, a farmer potentially can receive an indemnity payment when actual farm revenue
for a crop falls below the target level of revenue, regardless of whether the shortfall in revenue
was caused by poor production or low farm commodity prices. Insured producers also can be
eligible for reduced coverage if they are late or prevented from planting because of flooding.
The enacted 2014 farm bill (the Agricultural Act of 2014; P.L. 113-79) enhances the federal crop
insurance program by expanding its scope, covering a greater share of farm losses, and making
other modifications that broaden policy coverage. A prominent feature of the legislation is
authorization of policies designed to reimburse “shallow losses”—an insured producer’s out-of-
pocket loss associated with the policy deductible. A new crop insurance policy called Stacked
Income Protection Plan (STAX) is made available for upland cotton producers, while the
Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) is made available for other crops. For more information,
see CRS Report R43494, Crop Insurance Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79). For
additional background, see CRS Report R40532, Federal Crop Insurance: Background.
Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program
(NAP)
Producers who grow a crop that is currently ineligible for crop insurance may apply for the
Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP). NAP has permanent authority under
Section 196 of the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (7 U.S.C. 7333),
and is administered by USDA’s Farm Service Agency. It was first authorized under the Federal
Crop Insurance Reform Act of 1994 (P.L. 103-354). NAP is not subject to annual appropriations.
Instead, it receives such sums as are necessary through USDA’s Commodity Credit Corporation,
which has a line of credit with the U.S. Treasury to fund an array of farm programs.
Eligible crops under NAP include any commercial crops grown for food, fiber, or livestock
consumption that are ineligible for crop insurance, and include mushrooms, floriculture,
ornamental nursery, Christmas tree crops, turfgrass sod, aquaculture, honey, maple sap, ginseng,
and industrial crops used in manufacturing or grown as a feedstock for energy production, among
others. Trees grown for wood paper or pulp products are not eligible. To be eligible for a NAP
payment, a producer first must apply for coverage by the application closing date, which varies
by crop, but is generally about 30 days prior to the final planting date for an annual crop. Like
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catastrophic crop insurance, NAP applicants must also pay an administrative fee. The NAP fee is
$250 per crop payable at the time of application.2
In order to receive a NAP payment, a producer must experience at least a 50% crop loss caused
by a natural disaster, or be prevented from planting more than 35% of intended crop acreage. For
any losses in excess of the minimum loss threshold, a producer can receive 55% of the average
market price for the covered commodity. Hence, NAP is similar to catastrophic crop insurance
coverage in that it pays 55% of the market price for losses in excess of 50% of normal historic
production.
In order to expand coverage for specialty crops and others covered under NAP, the 2014 farm bill
provides additional coverage at 50% to 65% of established yield and 100% of average market
price. The farmer-paid fee for additional coverage is 5.25% times the product of the selected
coverage level and value of production (acreage times yield times average market price).
Separately, the 2014 farm bill also authorized retroactive NAP assistance for 2012 fruit losses.3
A producer of a noninsured crop is subject to a payment limit of $125,000 per person under NAP
and is ineligible for a payment if the producer’s total adjusted gross income exceeds $900,000.
The total federal cost of NAP was $319 million in FY2013 and $141 million in FY2014, and is
estimated at $144 million for FY2015.4
2014 Farm Bill Disaster Programs
Section 1501 of the 2014 farm bill (P.L. 113-79) permanently authorizes four agricultural disaster
programs for livestock and fruit trees. They are (1) the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP);
(2) the Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP); (3) the Emergency Assistance for Livestock,
Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program (ELAP); and (4) the Tree Assistance Program
(TAP). The programs, originally established in the 2008 farm bill for only four years, have been
authorized retroactively (with no expiration date) to cover losses beginning in FY2012.5 They
operate nationwide and are administered by USDA’s Farm Service Agency.
All programs except ELAP receive uncapped mandatory funding via the Commodity Credit
Corporation. That is, LIP, LFP, and TAP receive “such sums as necessary” to reimburse eligible
producers for their losses. For losses in FY2012-FY2015, payments through May 1, 2015, have

2 For more on NAP, see the USDA factsheet at http://fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/nap_2015_subsqnt_yrs.pdf. Also,
see NAP crop eligibility, premium, and payments estimator at http://fsa.usapas.com/NAP.aspx.
3 For NAP enhancements, see Commodity Credit Corporation and USDA Farm Service Agency, “Noninsured Crop
Disaster Assistance Program,” 79 Federal Register 74562-74583, December 15, 2014; http://www.fsa.usda.gov/
Internet/FSA_Federal_Notices/nap_irm_2014.pdf. For information on the 2012 NAP program for fruit losses, see the
USDA factsheet at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/nap_frost_freeze_final.pdf.
4 U.S. Department of Agriculture, http://www.obpa.usda.gov/26ccc2016notes.pdf.
5 A comparison of the disaster program provisions of the 2008 and 2014 farm bills is in CRS Report R43448, Farm
Commodity Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79), by Dennis A. Shields. The largest of the farm disaster
assistance programs authorized by the 2008 farm bill was the Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments Program
(SURE). The program was designed to compensate eligible producers for a portion of crop losses that are not eligible
for an indemnity payment under the crop insurance program (i.e., the portion of losses that is part of the deductible on
the policy). Given the complexity of the program and concerns about its effectiveness, the SURE program was not
reauthorized in the 2014 farm bill. However, elements of it were included in the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC)
program for “covered crops” (i.e., farm program crops) by offering producers a farm-level revenue guarantee on the
combined crop revenue on each farm.
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totaled $5.2 billion for LFP, $93 million for LIP, and $10 million for TAP. ELAP is capped at $20
million per year, and loss payments have been reduced in order to fit under the cap.6
Livestock producers traditionally have not been covered by crop insurance or other forms of
federal support, and the farm bill disaster programs have been designed to reimburse them for
some of their financial losses due to weather events (and disease in the case of ELAP). Producers
do not pay a fee to participate.
For individual producers, combined payments under all programs (except TAP) may not exceed
$125,000 per year. For TAP, a separate limit of $125,000 per year applies. Also, to be eligible for
a payment, a producer’s total adjusted gross income cannot exceed $900,000.
USDA issued its final rule for all four programs on April 14, 2014, and program signup began
April 15, 2014.7 Producers can apply at their local Farm Service Agency office.8
Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP)
The Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) provides payments to eligible livestock owners and
contract growers for livestock deaths in excess of normal mortality caused by adverse weather.
The 2014 farm bill added a provision to cover attacks by animals reintroduced into the wild by
the federal government or protected by federal law.
Eligible livestock include beef and dairy cattle, hogs, chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, sheep,
goats, alpacas, deer, elk, emus, and equine. The livestock must have been maintained for
commercial use and not produced for reasons other than commercial use as part of a farming
operation. The program excludes wild free-roaming animals, pets, and animals used for
recreational purposes, such as hunting, roping, or for show.
The LIP payment rate is equal to 75% of the market value of the animal. USDA publishes a
payment rate for each type of livestock for each year (e.g., $1,223.45 per beef cow and $4.12 per
duck in 2014).9 For eligible livestock contract growers, the payment rate is based on 75% of the
average income loss sustained by the contract grower, less any monetary compensation received
from the contractor for the loss of income.
Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP)
The Livestock Forage Disaster Program (LFP) makes payments to eligible livestock producers
who have suffered grazing losses on drought-affected pastureland (including cropland planted
specifically for grazing), or on rangeland managed by a federal agency due to a qualifying fire.
Eligible producers must own, cash or share lease, or be a contract grower of covered livestock
during the 60 calendar days before the beginning date of a qualifying drought or fire. They must
also provide pastureland or grazing land for covered livestock that is either (a) physically located

6 LFP and LIP payment data by state are available at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/disaster-
assistance-program/index.
7 Commodity Credit Corporation, U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Supplemental Agricultural Disaster Assistance
Programs, Payment Limitations, and Payment Eligibility,” 79 Federal Register 21086-21118, April 14, 2014.
8 For local Farm Service Agency contact information, see http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=fsa.
9 Payment rates are available in the USDA fact sheet at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/
lip_long_fact_sht_2014.pdf. For more information, see 7 C.F.R. §1416 Subpart D—Livestock Indemnity Program; and
Also, program details and producer examples for all livestock disaster programs are in the USDA/FSA handbook,
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/1-ldap_r01_a01.pdf.
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in a county affected by a qualifying drought during the normal grazing period for the county, or
(b) managed by a federal agency where grazing is not permitted due to fire.
Eligible livestock types are livestock that have been (or would have been had a disaster not
struck) grazing on eligible grazing land or pastureland. These include alpacas, beef cattle, buffalo,
beefalo, dairy cattle, sheep, deer, elk, emus, equine, goats, llamas, poultry, reindeer, and swine.
Livestock must be maintained for commercial use as part of a farming operation; and livestock
owned for noncommercial uses or livestock in (or that would have been in) feedlots are excluded.
Payments are generally triggered by the drought intensity level for an individual county, as
published in the U.S. Drought Monitor, a federal report published each week. The number of
monthly payments depends on the drought severity and length of time the county has been
designated as such (Table 2). For drought, the payment amount is equal to the number of monthly
payments times 60% of estimated monthly feed cost. For producers who sold livestock because of
drought conditions, the payment rate is equal to 80% of the estimated monthly feed cost.10
Table 2. Livestock Forage Program (LFP)
(drought intensity and time period determine the number of monthly payments)
Drought Monitor Intensity
Time Period
No. of Monthly Payments
D2 (severe drought)
For at least eight consecutive weeks during the
one monthly payment
normal grazing period
D3 (extreme drought)
At any time during the normal grazing period
three monthly payments
D3 (extreme drought)
For at least four weeks during the normal
four monthly payments
grazing period
D4 (exceptional drought)
At any time during the normal grazing period
four monthly payments
D4 (exceptional drought)
For four weeks (not necessarily consecutive)
five monthly payments
during the normal grazing period
Source: P.L. 113-79, Section 1501(e).
Notes: Drought intensity level can apply to any area of a county. The LFP monthly payment rate for drought is
equal to 60% of the lesser of the monthly feed cost based on either (a) corn prices, specified feeding
requirements, and number of animals; or (b) the normal carrying capacity of the land. For details on monthly
feed costs and examples, see FSA handbook at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/1-ldap_r01_a01.pdf. In
the case of a producer who sold livestock because of drought conditions, the payment rate is equal to 80% of
the monthly feed cost. For fire on federally managed rangeland, the payment rate is 50% of the monthly feed
cost, adjusted for the number of days the producer is prohibited from grazing (not to exceed 180 days).
Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised
Fish Program (ELAP)
The Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honey Bees, and Farm-Raised Fish Program (ELAP)
provides payments to producers of livestock, honey bees, and farm-raised fish as compensation
for losses due to disease, adverse weather, feed or water shortages, or other conditions, such as
wildfires, that are not covered under the Livestock Indemnity Program (LIP) or the Livestock
Forage Program (LFP).11 The 2014 farm bill added a provision to cover cattle tick fever. Total

10 For more information on LFP, see 7 C.F.R. §1416 Subpart C—Livestock Forage Disaster Program; and the USDA
fact sheet at https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/lfp_long_fact_sht_2014.pdf.
11 For more information on ELAP, see 7 C.F.R. §1416 Subpart B—Emergency Assistance for Livestock, Honeybees,
and Farm-Raised Fish Program; USDA fact sheet for honey bees at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/
(continued...)
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funding for ELAP is capped at $20 million per year. To fit under the annual cap, payments were
reduced to cover 90% of eligible losses in FY2012 and 68% of eligible losses in FY2013.
ELAP specifically provides assistance for the loss of honey bee colonies in excess of normal
mortality. In order to meet the eligibility requirements for honey bee colony losses, they must be
the direct result of an eligible adverse weather or loss condition such as colony collapse disorder
(CCD), eligible winter storm, excessive wind, and flood. For livestock losses, four categories are
covered by ELAP: (1) livestock death losses caused by an eligible loss condition, (2) livestock
feed and grazing losses that are not due to drought or wildfires on federally managed lands,
(3) losses resulting from the additional cost of transporting water to livestock due to an eligible
drought, and (4) losses resulting from the additional cost associated with gathering livestock for
treatment related to cattle tick fever.
Tree Assistance Program (TAP)
The Tree Assistance Program (TAP) makes payments to qualifying orchardists and nursery tree
growers to replant or rehabilitate trees, bushes, and vines damaged by natural disasters. (Losses in
crop production are generally covered by federal crop insurance or NAP.) Eligible trees, bushes,
and vines are those from which an annual crop is produced for commercial purposes. Nursery
trees include ornamental, fruit, nut, and Christmas trees produced for commercial sale. Trees used
for pulp or timber are ineligible.
To be considered an eligible loss, the individual stand must have sustained a mortality loss or
damage loss in excess of 15% after adjustment for normal mortality or damage, to be determined
based on (a) each eligible disaster event, except for losses due to plant disease; or (b) for plant
disease, the time period for which the stand is infected. Also, the loss could not have been
prevented through reasonable and available measures.
For tree, bush, or vine replacement, replanting and/or rehabilitation, the payment calculation is
the lesser of (a) 65% of the actual cost of replanting (in excess of 15% mortality) and/or 50% of
the actual cost of rehabilitation (in excess of 15% damage), or (b) the maximum eligible amount
established for the practice by the Farm Service Agency. The total quantity of acres planted to
trees, bushes, or vines for which a producer can receive TAP payments cannot exceed 500 acres
annually.12
Emergency Disaster Loans
When a county has been declared a disaster area by either the President or the Secretary of
Agriculture, agricultural producers in that county may become eligible for low-interest
emergency disaster (EM) loans available through USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA).13

(...continued)
elap_honeybee_fact_sht_1114.pdf; USDA fact sheet for livestock assistance at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/
FSA_File/elap_livestk_fact_sht1114.pdf and USDA fact sheet for farm-raised fish assistance at
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/elap_livestk_fish_1114.pdf.
12 For more information on TAP, see 7 C.F.R. §1416 Subpart E—Tree Assistance Program; and the USDA fact sheet at
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/tap_2014.pdf. Also, program details and producer examples are in the
USDA/FSA handbook, http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/1-tap_r04_a01.pdf.
13 For an overview of the USDA emergency disaster designation and declaration process, see https://www.fsa.usda.gov/
Internet/FSA_File/ed_desig_process2012.pdf. For the USDA factsheet on EM loans, see https://www.fsa.usda.gov/
Internet/FSA_File/emloanpr_sept12.pdf.
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Producers in counties that are contiguous to a county with a disaster designation also become
eligible for an EM loan. EM loan funds may be used to help eligible farmers, ranchers, and
aquaculture producers recover from production losses (when the producer suffers a significant
loss of an annual crop) or from physical losses (such as repairing or replacing damaged or
destroyed structures or equipment, or for the replanting of permanent crops such as orchards). A
qualified applicant can then borrow up to 100% of actual production or physical losses (not to
exceed $500,000).
Once a county is declared eligible, an individual producer within the county (or a contiguous
county) must also meet the following requirements for an EM loan. A producer must (1) be a
family farmer and a citizen or permanent resident of the United States; (2) experience a crop loss
of more than 30% or a physical loss of livestock, livestock products, real estate, or property; and
(3) be unable to obtain credit from a commercial lender, but still show the potential to repay the
loan. Applications must be received within eight months of the county’s disaster designation date.
Loans for non-real estate purposes generally must be repaid within one to seven years; loans for
physical losses to real estate have terms up to 20 years. Depending on the repayment ability of the
producer and other circumstances, these terms can be extended to 20 years for non-real estate
losses and up to 40 years for real estate losses.
The EM loan program is permanently authorized by Title III of the Consolidated Farm and Rural
Development Act (P.L. 87-128), as amended, and is subject to annual appropriations. In the
FY2014 Consolidated Appropriations Act (P.L. 113-76), emergency loan authority was provided
at $35 million, an increase of $13 million from FY2013, which was the first year in many years
that emergency loans received new loan authority. Emergency loans had been operating for much
of the last decade, through FY2012, on unused EM funds carried over from previous fiscal years.
Total EM loans (made) are typically less than $100 million per year.
Also in counties with disaster designations, producers who have existing direct loans with FSA
may be eligible for Disaster Set-Aside (DSA). If, as a result of disaster, a customer is unable to
pay all expenses and make loan payments that are coming due, up to one full year’s payment can
be moved to the end of the loan.14
Other USDA Assistance
In addition to farm assistance described in previous sections, USDA also has several permanent
disaster assistance programs that help producers repair damaged land following natural disasters.
It also has authority to issue disaster payments to farmers with “Section 32” or “CCC” funds and
can use a variety of existing programs to address disaster issues as they arise.
Emergency Agricultural Land Assistance Programs
Several USDA programs offer financial and technical assistance to producers to repair, restore,
and mitigate damage by a natural disaster on private land.
 The Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) and the Emergency Forest
Restoration Program (EFRP) are administered by USDA’s Farm Service Agency.
For both programs, participants are paid a percentage of the cost to restore the
land to a productive state. ECP also funds water for livestock and installing water
conserving measures during times of drought. EFRP was created to assist private

14 For more information, see USDA factsheet at http://www.fsa.usda.gov/Internet/FSA_File/debt_set_aside11.pdf.
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forestland owners with losses caused by a natural disaster on nonindustrial
private forest land.
 The Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) program and the EWP floodplain
easement program are administered by USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation
Service and the U.S. Forest Service. EWP assists sponsors, landowners, and
operators in implementing emergency recovery measures for runoff retardation
and erosion prevention to relieve imminent hazards to life and property created
by a natural disaster. The EWP floodplain easement program is a mitigation
program that pays for permanent easements on private land meant to safeguard
lives and property from future floods, drought, and the products of erosion.
For more information on these programs, see CRS Report R42854, Emergency Assistance for
Agricultural Land Rehabilitation, by Megan Stubbs.
“Section 32” and “CCC” Funds for Farm Disaster Payments
USDA has authority to distribute emergency payments to farmers with “Section 32” and
Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) funds. However, in annual appropriations acts since
FY2012 (most recently, Section 717 of the enacted FY2015 appropriations, H.R. 83), Congress
has prohibited the use of appropriated funds to pay for salaries and expenses needed to operate a
farm disaster program under either of these two funding sources.15
 USDA’s “Section 32” program is funded by a permanent appropriation of 30% of
the previous year’s customs receipts, and funds are used for a variety of
activities, including child nutrition programs, the purchase of commodities for
domestic food programs, and farm disaster relief. The statutory authority is
Section 32 of the Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935 (P.L. 74-320,
7 U.S.C. 612c). The authority to provide disaster relief is attributed to Clause 3 of
Section 32, which provides that funds “shall be used to re-establish farmers’
purchasing power by making payments in connections with the normal
production.” Section 32 was most recently used for disaster payments when
USDA made payments of $348 million for 2009 crop losses for rice, upland
cotton, soybeans, and sweet potatoes.16
 The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is the funding mechanism for the
mandatory subsidy payments that farmers receive. It was federally chartered by
the CCC Charter Act of 1948 (P.L. 80-806). The authority to provide disaster
relief is attributed to Section 5 of the act (15 U.S.C. 714c), which authorizes the
CCC to support the prices of agricultural commodities through loans, purchases,
payments, and other operations.

15 Congress can stop typically for a year at a time—via appropriations acts and without changing the underlying
authorizations law—the ability of the executive branch to carry out a law by prohibiting the payments of salaries to
implement a certain government function. See CRS Report R43110, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2014 and
FY2013 (Post-Sequestration) Appropriations, coordinated by Jim Monke.
16 USDA, Farm Service Agency, Crop Assistance Program (CAP) Fact Sheet, October 2010, http://www.fsa.usda.gov/
Internet/FSA_File/cap10pfs.pdf. For more on Section 32, see CRS Report RL34081, Farm and Food Support Under
USDA’s Section 32 Program.
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Adjustments to Existing USDA Programs
USDA can use authority under existing programs to help producers recover from natural
disasters. For example, in response to the major drought affecting a large part of the United States
in 2012, USDA took a number of actions, including17
 extended emergency grazing on Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) acres;18
 reduced the emergency loan interest rate and made emergency loans available
earlier in the season;
 allowed haying or grazing of cover crops without any penalty on the insurability
of planted 2013 spring crops;
 worked with crop insurance companies to provide flexibility to farmers; and
 transferred $14 million in unobligated program funds into the Emergency
Conservation Program to help farmers and ranchers rehabilitate farmland
damaged by natural disasters and for carrying out emergency water conservation
measures in periods of severe drought.
In 2014, in addition to implementing the 2014 farm bill disaster programs, USDA took a number
of administrative actions to assist producers in California and elsewhere dealing with drought.19
These included:
 $15 million in targeted conservation assistance through the Environmental
Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) for the most extreme and exceptional drought
areas; funding helps farmers and ranchers implement conservation practices that
conserve water resources, reduce wind erosion on drought-impacted fields, and
improve livestock access to water (farmers and ranchers contribute about half the
cost of implementing the practices);
 $5 million in targeted Emergency Watershed Protection (EWP) Program
assistance to the most drought impacted areas of California to protect vulnerable
soils; and
 $3 million in Emergency Water Assistance Grants for rural communities
experiencing water shortages.20
In 2015, USDA again targeted areas experiencing drought with additional EQIP funds totaling
$21 million in technical and financial assistance.21 The affected areas include parts of California,
Kansas, Idaho, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, and Utah.

17 USDA, Farm Service Agency, “USDA Designates Del Norte County in California as a Primary Natural Disaster
Area With Assistance to Producers in Oregon,” press release, February 5, 2014, http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/
newsReleases?area=newsroom&subject=landing&topic=edn&newstype=ednewsrel&type=detail&item=
ed_20140205_rel_0020.html.
18 CRS Report R42783, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP): Status and Issues, by Megan Stubbs.
19 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Obama Administration Announces Additional Assistance to Californians Impacted
by Drought,” press release, February 14, 2014, http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true&
contentid=2014/02/0022.xml.
20 The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Utilities Service (RUS) provides grants and loans for rural water
systems in communities with less than 10,000 inhabitants; its programs are for domestic water service, not water for
agricultural purposes. For more information, see CRS Report R43408, Emergency Water Assistance During Drought:
Federal Non-Agricultural Programs.
21 U.S. Department of Agriculture, “USDA to Expand Investment in Water Conservation, Resilience across Drought-
(continued...)
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Assistance to Prevent Spread of Animal Diseases
Under the Animal Health Protection Act (7 U.S.C. §8301 et seq.), USDA is authorized to take
protective actions against the spread of livestock disease, including seizing, treating, or
destroying animals if USDA determines that an extraordinary emergency exists because of the
presence of a pest or disease of livestock. As part of its animal health program, USDA’s Animal
and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) compensates producers for animals that must be
euthanized, for their disposition, and for infected materials that must also be destroyed. Funding
is provided by annual appropriations or through the CCC for larger amounts. In 2015, APHIS has
been making payments to producers and taking other measures to control an outbreak of highly
pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which is affecting the U.S. poultry industry. As of July 7,
2015, APHIS has committed over $500 million of the $700 million to help producers control the
spread of HPAI, including $190 million for indemnity payments. The agency is committed to
covering cleaning and disinfecting costs on affected farms.22

Author Contact Information

Dennis A. Shields

Specialist in Agricultural Policy
dshields@crs.loc.gov, 7-9051


(...continued)
Stricken States,” press release, May 18, 2015, http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?contentid=2015/05/
0139.xml.
22 For more information, see CRS Report R44114, Update on the Highly-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak of
2014-2015.
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