INSIGHTi
Selecting a New WTO Director-General:
Implications for the Global Trading System
Updated October 8, 2020
The United States and members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are selecting new leadership for
the WTO Secretariat, following Director-General (DG) Roberto Azevêdo’s unexpected resignation in
August 2020, a year before his term’s end. Eight candidates were in the running, and WTO members
narrowed the field to five in September after the first round of consultations. On October 8, Nigeria’s
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and South Korea’s Yoo Myung-hee advanced after the second round as the top
candidates with the “broadest and deepest support from the membership,” paving the way for the first
woman to serve as WTO DG. The process requires all 164 WTO members to agree by consensus on the
new DG appointment. WTO members and observers view the outcome of the DG race and fresh
leadership as important to inject new momentum into the institution, amid efforts to salvage its relevance
and chart a path forward. In the current race, analysts have variously called for an “honest broker” and
dealmaker, politician over technocrat, or a “peacekeeper.” WTO leadership may be particularly critical at
this juncture, given members’ divergent views over needed reforms and new rules, a nonfunctioning
dispute settlement system, and a recent spike in unilateral trade actions, which threaten the organization’s
legitimacy. The intensive selection process, usually lasting nine months, has been expedited to conclude
possibly by early November following the U.S. presidential election.
The WTO and global trading system face significant challenges. The WTO’s credibility hinges on the
conclusion of outstanding negotiations, set back by the postponement of the 2020 Ministerial Conference,
due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Meanwhile, a dispute settlement crisis
continues and broader WTO reforms remain under discussion, complicated by wide differences, growing
trade disputes, and trade protectionism. In the near-term, WTO members face additional challenges in
responding to the global trade and economic slowdown and spread of trade restrictions in response to
COVID-19. In the words of the outgoing DG: “The challenges facing the work of this Organization will
always be formidable — commensurate with its relevance and role as an anchor of predictability and
certainty in a fast-changing global economy.”
Debate over the WTO’s future direction is of interest to Congress. Some Members have expressed
support for ongoing WTO reform efforts (H.Res. 746) and advocated for an active U.S. leadership role
(S.Res. 651). In May, Senator Hawley and Representatives DeFazio and Pallone introduced joint
resolutions (S.J.Res. 71, H.J.Res. 89) proposing to withdraw congressional approval of WTO agreements;
rule changes are likely to prevent votes from occurring on the measures.
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The Role and Selection of the DG
Since the WTO is member-driven, the Secretariat headed by the DG has no decision-making powers. Its
primary role is to provide technical and professional support to members on WTO activities and
negotiations, monitor and analyze global trade developments, and organize ministerial conferences.
Notwithstanding the lack of formal power, the DG is an advocate for the trading system and often wields
“soft power,” relying on diplomatic and political heft in helping members build consensus or break
stalemates—an increasingly difficult task. Some argue that the Secretariat should be granted more
authority to table proposals and advance new rules.
The WTO General Council (GC), comprised of members, adopted the current DG selection procedures in
2002. The DG typically serves a four-year term, with possible reappointment. DG qualifications broadly
include “extensive experience in international relations, encompassing economic, trade and/or political
experience; a firm commitment to the work and objectives of the WTO; proven leadership and managerial
ability; and demonstrated communication skills.” The original eight candidates in 2020 demonstrated a
breadth of experience (Table 1). A recent survey suggests management and political experience,
economics training, and WTO negotiating experience are preferred characteristics for the next DG.
DG candidates met (in person or virtually) with WTO members in mid-July to present views and answer
questions. This campaign phase ended September 7, kicking off consultations among members over two
months to narrow the field and build consensus around a candidate; as leading candidates gain traction,
others are expected to withdraw. On September 18, the WTO announced the five candidates who
advanced to the next stage. The second phase of consultations ended in early October, with the final
advancement of Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and Yoo Myung-hee. A selection committee leads this process,
headed by the GC Chair. The committee then issues its recommendation on the candidate most likely to
gain consensus, and members make their final decision. (In the (rare) absence of consensus, procedures
specify that as a last resort there can be recourse to other voting procedures.)
WTO DG appointments generally have alternated between developing and developed countries, and have
hailed from all regions except Africa, the Middle East and North America. No female has ever served as
DG, which became an elevated issue in the current race.
Table 1. WTO DG Candidates
Candidate
Country
Background and Key Positions
Advanced to final round
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Nigeria
Former Finance Minister
Former Managing Director World Bank
Yoo Myung-hee
South Korea
Trade Minister
Eliminated in second round
Amina C. Mohamed
Kenya
Secretary for Sports, Culture and Heritage
Former Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister; Chair
of 2015 WTO Ministerial Conference
Former Deputy Secretary-General United Nations
Mohammad Maziad Al-Tuwaijri
Saudi Arabia
Royal Court Adviser
Former Economy and Planning Minister
Former Banking Executive
Liam Fox
United Kingdom
Former Trade Secretary
Eliminated in first round
Jesús Seade Kuri
Mexico
Foreign Affairs Under Secretary for North
America
Former Deputy DG of the WTO
Former Deputy DG of the GATT
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Candidate
Country
Background and Key Positions
Abdel-Hamid Mamdouh
Egypt
Senior Counsel, King & Spalding LLP
Former WTO official
Tudor Ulianovschi
Moldova
Former Foreign Minister
Former Ambassador to WTO
Source: WTO, “Candidates for DG selection process 2020.”
What’s at Stake
DG Azevêdo was motivated to resign early to prevent the DG selection from coinciding with the
rescheduled 12th WTO Ministerial Conference (MC12) in 2021, potentially diverting political attention
from achieving critical outcomes. It would also allow the incoming DG to better shape the strategic
direction for MC12. During Azevêdo’s tenure, WTO members advanced some important achievements,
like the Trade Facilitation Agreement, but made little progress on resolving major issues leftover from the
Doha agenda and advancing new priorities. MC12 stakes are high, with final agreements pending on
longstanding priorities like fisheries subsidies, and ongoing plurilateral talks, including on e-commerce.
Many have also urged the WTO to tackle the trade policy challenges that emerged from COVID-19.
Members also confront reforming the WTO, a difficult process but highly consequential for the
institution’s continued relevance. U.S. priorities include reform of the treatment of developing country
status, notification and transparency requirements, and disciplines on nonmarket economies. Meanwhile,
trade disputes have accelerated between the United States and China, countries have increasingly resorted
to unilateral punitive trade actions (the subject of several WTO disputes), and, more broadly, protectionist
trade policies are rising, which undermine the spirit and letter of WTO rules. WTO dispute settlement,
generally considered a success of the system, is unable to function fully, amid sharp disagreements over
the Appellate Body’s (AB) role. New WTO leadership will face ushering the trading system through these
various challenges.
U.S. Perspectives
In June testimony to House Ways and Means, U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Lighthizer called the
WTO “a mess,” an institution that has failed the United States and the global trading system. The Trump
Administration has widely documented its concerns in its trade policy agenda and AB critiques.
Regarding ideal qualities for a DG, Lighthizer has called for leadership that supports fundamental, across-
the-board reform and understands the nature of problems facing market economies in dealing with China
and current rules that fail to discipline large state-run economies. He noted that any “whiff of anti-
Americanism” would be grounds for a U.S. veto, but has not publicly announced backing of any
particular candidate.
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Author Information
Cathleen D. Cimino-Isaacs
Analyst in International Trade and Finance
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